Dynamics of CO fluxes and controlling environmental factors in sugarcane (C4)-wheat (C3) ecosystem of dry sub-humid region in India.

In this study, CO exchange over sugarcane and wheat growing season was quantified by continuous measurement of CO fluxes using eddy covariance (EC) system from January 2014 to June 2015. We also elaborated on the response of CO fluxes to environmental variables. The results show that the ecosystem has seasonal and diurnal dynamics of CO with a distinctive U-shaped curve in both growing seasons with maximal CO absorption reaching up to -8.94 g C m day and -6.08 g C m day over sugarcane and wheat crop, respectively. The ecosystem as a whole acted as a carbon sink during the active growing season while it exhibits a carbon source prior to sowing and post-harvesting of crops. The cumulative net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (R) were -923.04, 3316.65, and 2433.18 g C m over the sugarcane growing season while the values were -192.30, 621.47, and 488.34 g C m over the wheat growing season. The sesbania (green manure) appeared to be a carbon source once it is incorporated into soil. The response of day-time NEE to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under two vapor pressure deficit (VPD) sections (0-20 h Pa and 20-40 h Pa) seems more effective over sugarcane (R = 0.41-0.61) as compared to the wheat crop (R = 0.25-0.40). A decrease in net CO uptake was observed under higher VPD conditions. Similarly, night-time NEE was exponentially related to temperature at different soil moisture conditions and showed higher response to optimum soil moisture conditions for sugarcane (R = 0.87, 0.33 ≤ SWC < 0.42 m m) and wheat (R = 0.75, 0.31 ≤ SWC < 0.37 m m) crop seasons. The response of daily averaged NEE to environmental variables through path analysis indicates that PAR was the dominant predictor with the direct path coefficient of -0.65 and -0.74 over sugarcane and wheat growing season, respectively. Satellite-based GPP products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (GPP) and Vegetation Photosynthetic model (GPP) were also compared with the GPP obtained from EC (GPP) technique. The seasonal dynamics of GPP and GPP agreed well with each other. This study covers the broad aspects ranging from micro-meteorology to remote sensing over C4-C3 cropping system.