Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.
Children Hospital, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
Klin Padiatr. 2021 Jul;233(4):157-172. doi: 10.1055/a-1335-4936. Epub 2021 Mar 4.
This review summarizes the state of knowledge of use of new media on the development in early childhood in 6 sections: descriptive utilization data, psychosocial and emotional development, cognition and language, motor development, nutrition and sleep, and influence of parental media consumption.
The review is based on a literature search of this topic in peer-reviewed journals. We included 87 articles, books, and book chapters. The used literature data bases were ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO and PSYNDEX.
Manifold studies describe in young children's utilization data the pervasive nature of digital exposure and impressive usage times and availability. They confirm adverse influences of electronic media use (television, video games) on children's emotional and behavioral problems and well-being, e. g. on physical activity, sleep and obesity. In general a positive effect in sense of knowledge transfer of age could be found for high quality educational media, however predominantly the impact of media use at younger age was negative.
High frequent media use in early childhood is likely to have a negative impact on psychosocial development, positive effects such as knowledge transfer may be seen beyond the age of 18 months. As parental media use is a strong predictor of child media habits, reducing parental media use and enhancing parent-child interactions might be important areas to address when trying to change the media behavior of young children. In view of the scarcity of studies for early childhood, it is advisable to use digital play and communication devices cautiously and restrictively in this vulnerable development phase.
本综述总结了新媒体在儿童早期发展方面的使用情况，共分为 6 个部分：描述性使用数据、心理社会和情感发展、认知和语言、运动发展、营养和睡眠，以及父母媒体消费的影响。
本综述基于对同行评审期刊中该主题文献的搜索。我们共纳入了 87 篇文章、书籍和章节。使用的文献数据库有 ERIC、PsycARTICLES、PsycINFO 和 PSYNDEX。
许多研究都描述了幼儿在数字媒体方面的普遍使用情况，包括使用时间和可用性。这些研究证实了电子媒体（电视、视频游戏）的使用对儿童的情绪和行为问题以及幸福感有不良影响，例如对身体活动、睡眠和肥胖的影响。一般来说，高质量的教育媒体在知识传递方面具有积极的影响，但主要是在儿童较小年龄时的媒体使用具有负面影响。
幼儿时期频繁使用媒体可能会对心理社会发展产生负面影响，而超过 18 个月的年龄可能会产生积极的影响，如知识转移。由于父母的媒体使用是儿童媒体习惯的重要预测因素，因此减少父母的媒体使用并增强亲子互动可能是改变幼儿媒体行为的重要领域。鉴于针对幼儿的研究稀缺，在这一脆弱的发展阶段，谨慎和限制地使用数字游戏和通信设备是明智的。
