Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10040 Turin, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Feb 28;22(5):2434. doi: 10.3390/ijms22052434.
During restricted time windows of postnatal life, called critical periods, neural circuits are highly plastic and are shaped by environmental stimuli. In several mammalian brain areas, from the cerebral cortex to the hippocampus and amygdala, the closure of the critical period is dependent on the formation of perineuronal nets. Perineuronal nets are a condensed form of an extracellular matrix, which surrounds the soma and proximal dendrites of subsets of neurons, enwrapping synaptic terminals. Experimentally disrupting perineuronal nets in adult animals induces the reactivation of critical period plasticity, pointing to a role of the perineuronal net as a molecular brake on plasticity as the critical period closes. Interestingly, in the adult brain, the expression of perineuronal nets is remarkably dynamic, changing its plasticity-associated conditions, including memory processes. In this review, we aimed to address how perineuronal nets contribute to the maturation of brain circuits and the regulation of adult brain plasticity and memory processes in physiological and pathological conditions.
在出生后生命的特定时间窗口内，称为关键期，神经回路具有高度的可塑性，并受到环境刺激的影响。在几种哺乳动物大脑区域，从大脑皮层到海马体和杏仁核，关键期的关闭取决于周围神经网的形成。周围神经网是细胞外基质的浓缩形式，它围绕着神经元的胞体和近端树突，包围突触末端。在成年动物中实验性地破坏周围神经网会诱导关键期可塑性的重新激活，这表明周围神经网作为一种分子制动器，在关键期关闭时对可塑性起作用。有趣的是，在成年大脑中，周围神经网的表达非常活跃，改变了其与可塑性相关的条件，包括记忆过程。在这篇综述中，我们旨在探讨周围神经网如何促进大脑回路的成熟以及在生理和病理条件下调节成年大脑的可塑性和记忆过程。
