James David G, Kappen Linda
Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA.
Insects. 2021 Feb 14;12(2):161. doi: 10.3390/insects12020161.
The fall migration of monarch butterflies, (L.), in the Pacific Northwest was studied during 2017-2019 by tagging 14,040 captive-reared and 450 wild monarchs. One hundred and twenty-two captive-reared monarchs (0.87%) were recovered at distances averaging 899.9 ± 98.6 km for Washington-released and 630.5 ± 19.9 km for Oregon-released monarchs. The greatest straight-line release to recovery distance was 1392.1 km. A mean travel rate of 20.7 ± 2.2 km/day and maximum travel of 46.1 km/day were recorded. Recovery rates were greater for Oregon-released monarchs (0.92%) than Washington-released (0.34%) or Idaho-released monarchs (0.30%). Most monarchs (106/122) were recovered SSW-S-SSE in California, with 82 at 18 coastal overwintering sites. Two migrants from Oregon were recovered just weeks after release ovipositing in Santa Barbara and Palo Alto, CA. Two migrants released in central Washington recovered up to 360.0 km to the SE, and recoveries from Idaho releases to the S and SE suggests that some Pacific Northwest migrants fly to an alternative overwintering destination. Monarchs released in southern Oregon into smoky, poor quality air appeared to be as successful at reaching overwintering sites and apparently lived just as long as monarchs released into non-smoky, good quality air. Migration and lifespan for monarchs infected with the protozoan parasite, (McLaughlin and Myers), appeared to be similar to the migration and survival of uninfected monarchs, although data are limited. Our data improve our understanding of western monarch migration, serving as a basis for further studies and providing information for conservation planning.
2017年至2019年期间，通过标记14040只人工饲养的帝王蝶和450只野生帝王蝶，对太平洋西北地区帝王蝶（Danaus plexippus L.）的秋季迁徙进行了研究。122只人工饲养的帝王蝶（0.87%）被找回，华盛顿放飞的帝王蝶平均飞行距离为899.9±98.6公里，俄勒冈放飞的帝王蝶平均飞行距离为630.5±19.9公里。放飞点到找回点的最大直线距离为1392.1公里。记录到的平均行进速度为20.7±2.2公里/天，最大行进速度为46.1公里/天。俄勒冈放飞的帝王蝶找回率（0.92%）高于华盛顿放飞的（0.34%）或爱达荷放飞的帝王蝶（0.30%）。大多数帝王蝶（106/122）在加利福尼亚州的西南偏南-南-东南偏南方向被找回，其中82只在18个沿海越冬地点被找回。两只从俄勒冈放飞的帝王蝶在放飞几周后就在加利福尼亚州的圣巴巴拉和帕洛阿尔托产卵时被找回。两只在华盛顿中部放飞的帝王蝶向东南方向飞行了360.0公里后被找回，从爱达荷放飞的帝王蝶向南方和东南方向的找回情况表明，一些太平洋西北地区的迁徙帝王蝶飞到了另一个越冬目的地。在俄勒冈州南部放飞到烟雾弥漫、空气质量差的空气中的帝王蝶，在到达越冬地点方面似乎同样成功，而且显然与放飞到无烟雾、空气质量好的空气中的帝王蝶寿命相同。感染原生动物寄生虫Ophryocystis elektroscirrha（McLaughlin和Myers）的帝王蝶的迁徙和寿命，似乎与未感染的帝王蝶的迁徙和存活情况相似，尽管数据有限。我们的数据增进了我们对西部帝王蝶迁徙的了解，为进一步研究提供了基础，并为保护规划提供了信息。
