A comparative genomic database of skeletogenesis genes: from fish to mammals.

Skeletogenesis is a complex process that requires a rigorous control at multiple levels during osteogenesis, such as signaling pathways and transcription factors. The skeleton among vertebrates is a highly conserved organ system, but teleost fish and mammals have evolved unique traits or have lost particular skeletal elements in each lineage. In present study, we constructed a skeletogenesis database containing 4101, 3715, 2996, 3300, 3719 and 3737 genes in Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes, Gallus gallus, Xenopus tropicalis, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens genome, respectively. Then, we found over 55% of the genes are conserved in the six species. Notably, there are 181 specific-genes in the human genome without orthologues in the other five genomes, such as the ZNF family (ZNF100, ZNF101, ZNF14, CALML6, CCL4L2, ZIM2, HSPA6, etc); and 31 genes are identified explicitly in fish species, which are mainly involved in TGF-beta, Wnt, MAPK, Calcium signaling pathways, such as bmp16, bmpr2a, eif4e1c, wnt2ba, etc. Particularly, there are 20 zebrafish-specific genes (calm3a, si:dkey-25li10, drd1a, drd7, etc) and one medaka-specific gene (c-myc17) that may alter skeletogenesis formation in the corresponding species. The database provides the new systematic genomic insights into skeletal development from teleosts to mammals, which may help to explain some of the complexities of skeletal phenotypes among different vertebrates and provide a reference for the treatment of skeletal diseases as well as for applications in the aquaculture industry.