Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Jun;125:442-465. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.001. Epub 2021 Mar 4.
The most distant roots of neuroanatomy trace back to antiquity, with the first human dissections, but no document which would identify the thalamus as a brain structure has reached us. Claudius Galenus (Galen) gave to the thalamus the name 'thalamus nervorum opticorum', but later on, other names were used (e.g., anchae, or buttocks-like). In 1543, Andreas Vesalius provided the first quality illustrations of the thalamus. During the 19th century, tissue staining techniques and ablative studies contributed to the breakdown of the thalamus into subregions and nuclei. The next step was taken using radiomarkers to identify connections in the absence of lesions. Anterograde and retrograde tracing methods arose in the late 1960s, supporting extension, revision, or confirmation of previously established knowledge. The use of the first viral tracers introduced a new methodological breakthrough in the mid-1970s. Another important step was supported by advances in neuroimaging of the thalamus in the 21th century. The current review follows the history of the thalamus through these technical revolutions from Antiquity to the present day.
神经解剖学最遥远的根源可以追溯到古代，当时进行了第一次人类解剖，但没有任何文献将丘脑确定为大脑结构。克劳狄乌斯·盖伦（盖伦）将丘脑命名为“视神经核”，但后来又使用了其他名称（例如，anchae 或臀部状）。1543 年，安德烈亚斯·维萨里乌斯（Andreas Vesalius）首次提供了丘脑的高质量插图。在 19 世纪，组织染色技术和消融研究有助于将丘脑分解为亚区和核。接下来的步骤是使用放射性标记物在没有病变的情况下识别连接。顺行和逆行示踪方法出现在 20 世纪 60 年代末，支持了对先前建立的知识的扩展、修订或确认。1970 年代中期，第一种病毒示踪剂的使用带来了新的方法学突破。21 世纪对丘脑的神经影像学的进步支持了另一个重要步骤。目前的综述通过从古至今的这些技术革命来追踪丘脑的历史。
