Exploring the active ingredients of workplace physical and psychological wellbeing programs: a systematic review.

Previous reviews have established that workplace wellbeing initiatives are effective at promoting wellbeing, but less is known about which intervention characteristics or "active ingredients" underpin this effectiveness (i.e., behavior change techniques [BCTs]). This review aims to illuminate the connections between the types of BCTs and the level of intervention intensity with intervention effectiveness. A systematic search for peer-reviewed studies evaluating a workplace wellbeing initiative was undertaken across five databases: Medline, Scopus, PsycInfo, and CINAHL (Ovid Emcare). Eligible studies included those that evaluated the effect of a workplace wellbeing initiative on participants' physical wellbeing (e.g., physical activity and quality of life) and psychological wellbeing (e.g., mental health and stress), were published between 2009 and September 2019, and utilized a comparator (e.g., control group or prepost change). Studies were screened in independent duplicate to minimize bias. Effect sizes were calculated. Following removal of duplicates, 1,541 studies were identified and screened for eligibility. Of these, 23 studies reporting 28 comparisons were deemed to meet eligibility criteria. Just over 50% of these studies reported evidence of either a strong or moderate effect across a physical and a psychological outcome, providing a positive indication that workplace wellbeing programs can promote physical and psychological wellbeing in workers. Interventions tended to employ multiple BCTs (mean range 8.1-9.4), however, no discernible patterns between the types or numbers of BCTs employed and intervention effectiveness was found. Further experimental work is required that compares and contrasts workplace wellbeing initiatives to enable a better understanding of how to develop and implement highly effective programs.