Graham J M, Bashir A S, Stark R E, Silbert A, Walzer S
Department of Maternal and Child Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Hanover, NH 03756.
Pediatrics. 1988 Jun;81(6):795-806.
Previous studies of XXY boys suggest that they are at risk for certain communication disorders involving oral and written language. In this study, the language, reading, and spelling skills of a group of 14 XXY boys identified during neonatal cytogenetic screening were compared with those of a group of 15 control children. The two groups were matched for age, grade, race, parity, birth weight, parental age and education, and socioeconomic status. The mean age of the XXY group was 9 years 7 months and that of the control group was 9 years 3 months. The mean academic grade level for both groups was at the transition between third and fourth grade. There was selective reduction in verbal IQ scores for the XXY group and no significant differences apparent between groups for performance IQ scores. The decrease in verbal IQ was associated with a reduced full-scale IQ and also with significant problems in expressive language, auditory processing abilities, and auditory memory. Word-finding difficulties and problems in the production of syntax were major components of the specific expressive language deficit. Except for difficulties in the understanding of complex sentence structures, the receptive language skills of XXY boys did not differ significantly from those of the control group. These reductions in speech and language abilities correlated with decreased achievement by the XXY group on a variety of reading and spelling tasks. These results suggest that difficulty learning how to read and spell may be due to a preexistent language disability. Early attention to such expressive language problems may be essential to ameliorate secondary maladaptive behaviors due to chronic language-related learning disabilities.
此前针对克氏综合征（XXY）男孩的研究表明，他们有患某些涉及口语和书面语言的交流障碍的风险。在本研究中，将一组在新生儿细胞遗传学筛查中确诊的14名克氏综合征（XXY）男孩的语言、阅读和拼写技能，与一组15名对照儿童的技能进行了比较。两组在年龄、年级、种族、产次、出生体重、父母年龄和教育程度以及社会经济地位方面进行了匹配。克氏综合征（XXY）组的平均年龄为9岁7个月，对照组的平均年龄为9岁3个月。两组的平均学业成绩水平均处于三年级和四年级之间的过渡阶段。克氏综合征（XXY）组的言语智商得分有选择性降低，而两组在操作智商得分上没有明显差异。言语智商的降低与全量表智商的降低以及表达性语言、听觉处理能力和听觉记忆方面的显著问题有关。找词困难和句法生成问题是特定表达性语言缺陷的主要组成部分。除了在理解复杂句子结构方面存在困难外，克氏综合征（XXY）男孩的接受性语言技能与对照组没有显著差异。这些言语和语言能力的下降与克氏综合征（XXY）组在各种阅读和拼写任务中的成绩下降相关。这些结果表明，学习阅读和拼写困难可能是由于先前存在的语言障碍。尽早关注此类表达性语言问题对于改善因慢性语言相关学习障碍导致的继发性适应不良行为可能至关重要。
