School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
Independent Researcher, UK.
Forensic Sci Int. 2021 Apr;321:110741. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110741. Epub 2021 Feb 22.
Ninhydrin was implemented as the primary police method of developing latent fingermarks on paper, cardboard and some other porous surfaces from the late 1960s. Some researchers have used individual amino acids, or mixtures of amino acids, as a method of testing the effectiveness of reagent formulations. It was not however known whether simple mixtures of amino acids could effectively emulate latent fingermarks in reactions with reagents such as ninhydrin. The first part of this study compared the effects of ninhydrin fingermark treatments used internationally in various police laboratories on test targets created by inkjet printing graduated concentrations of a representative mixture of amino acids in a series of blocks on paper. Variations in intensity of development were observed between laboratories which used various formulations and heat and humidity post treatment protocols. In a further trial in 2015 several participants in the International Fingerprint Research Group (IFRG) meeting processed test targets in their own laboratories and submitted them for measurement. Again, variation in developed intensity was observed. The depletion of the activity of ninhydrin solutions during use was also investigated in early evaluations of the test targets. An established fingerprint laboratory then processed a number of samples from a batch of targets to examine batch consistency. This was followed by designing a new test target which enabled comparisons between the developed intensity of printed test target blocks alongside depletion series of split, natural donor fingermarks. A panel of 20 donors provided depletion fingermarks and four ninhydrin formulations and treatment protocols were used. The developed test target blocks were scanned, intensity of development measured, and the results compared with the fingermark development which was evaluated by three assessors using two types of scale. Good correlation between the intensity of the developed test targets and latent fingermark quality and intensity scores was observed with the four ninhydrin treatment protocols, including some which used deliberately downgraded ninhydrin concentrations. This type of evaluation was carried out a second time to investigate modified heat and humidity protocols. The use of such test targets for routine reagent quality control and process verification would appear to be far more accurate and reliable than the use of small numbers of donor fingermarks. It is not clear why the different ninhydrin formulations investigated in the latter part of the work have very different optimum post treatment heating regimes.
茚三酮自 20 世纪 60 年代末以来一直被用作开发纸张、纸板和其他一些多孔表面上潜在指纹的主要警察方法。一些研究人员已经使用单个氨基酸或氨基酸混合物作为测试试剂配方有效性的方法。然而,人们不知道简单的氨基酸混合物是否可以有效地模拟与茚三酮等试剂的反应中的潜在指纹。本研究的第一部分比较了国际上各种警察实验室使用的不同茚三酮指纹处理方法对在一系列纸上的一系列块中喷墨打印出的代表氨基酸混合物的浓度逐渐增加的测试目标的影响。使用不同配方和热湿后处理方案的实验室观察到开发强度的变化。在 2015 年的进一步试验中,国际指纹研究小组(IFRG)会议的几位参与者在自己的实验室中处理测试目标并提交测量。再次观察到开发强度的变化。在对测试目标的早期评估中,还研究了茚三酮溶液在使用过程中活性的消耗。一个成熟的指纹实验室随后处理了一批目标中的一些样本,以检查批次一致性。随后设计了一个新的测试目标,使打印测试目标块的开发强度与分裂、自然供体指纹的消耗系列进行比较。一组 20 名供体提供了消耗指纹,使用了四种茚三酮配方和处理方案。开发的测试目标块被扫描,开发强度进行测量,并将结果与使用两种类型的量表由三位评估员评估的指纹开发进行比较。四种茚三酮处理方案观察到开发测试目标块的强度与潜在指纹质量和强度评分之间存在良好的相关性,包括一些使用故意降级的茚三酮浓度的处理方案。为了研究修改后的热湿协议,进行了第二次这种类型的评估。与使用少数供体指纹相比,使用这种测试目标进行常规试剂质量控制和过程验证似乎要准确和可靠得多。尚不清楚为什么在研究工作的后半部分中研究的不同茚三酮配方具有非常不同的最佳后处理加热方案。
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