Turnbull Crystal, Lillemo Morten, Hvoslef-Eide Trine A K
Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Plant Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
Front Plant Sci. 2021 Feb 24;12:630396. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.630396. eCollection 2021.
Products derived from agricultural biotechnology is fast becoming one of the biggest agricultural trade commodities globally, clothing us, feeding our livestock, and fueling our eco-friendly cars. This exponential growth occurs despite asynchronous regulatory schemes around the world, ranging from moratoriums and prohibitions on genetically modified (GM) organisms, to regulations that treat both conventional and biotech novel plant products under the same regulatory framework. Given the enormous surface area being cultivated, there is no longer a question of acceptance or outright need for biotech crop varieties. Recent recognition of the researchers for the development of a genome editing technique using CRISPR/Cas9 by the Nobel Prize committee is another step closer to developing and cultivating new varieties of agricultural crops. By employing precise, efficient, yet affordable genome editing techniques, new genome edited crops are entering country regulatory schemes for commercialization. Countries which currently dominate in cultivating and exporting GM crops are quickly recognizing different types of gene-edited products by comparing the products to conventionally bred varieties. This nuanced legislative development, first implemented in Argentina, and soon followed by many, shows considerable shifts in the landscape of agricultural biotechnology products. The evolution of the law on gene edited crops demonstrates that the law is not static and must adjust to the of society, informed by the experiences of 25 years of cultivation and regulation of GM crops. The crux of this review is a consolidation of the global legislative landscape on GM crops, as it stands, building on earlier works by specifically addressing how gene edited crops will fit into the existing frameworks. This work is the first of its kind to synthesize the applicable regulatory documents across the globe, with a focus on GM crop cultivation, and provides links to original legislation on GM and gene edited crops.
源自农业生物技术的产品正迅速成为全球最大的农产品贸易商品之一，为我们提供衣物、喂养家畜并为环保汽车提供燃料。尽管世界各地的监管方案各不相同，从对转基因生物的暂停和禁令到在同一监管框架下对待传统和生物技术新型植物产品的法规，但这种指数级增长仍在发生。鉴于种植面积巨大，转基因作物品种的接受度或绝对需求已不再是问题。诺贝尔奖委员会最近对利用CRISPR/Cas9开发基因组编辑技术的研究人员的认可，使我们在开发和培育新型农作物方面又迈进了一步。通过采用精确、高效且经济实惠的基因组编辑技术，新的基因组编辑作物正在进入各国的商业化监管方案。目前在转基因作物种植和出口方面占据主导地位的国家，正通过将产品与传统培育品种进行比较，迅速识别不同类型的基因编辑产品。这种细微差别明显的立法发展首先在阿根廷实施，随后许多国家纷纷效仿，显示出农业生物技术产品领域的重大转变。基因编辑作物相关法律的演变表明，法律并非一成不变，必须根据转基因作物25年的种植和监管经验，适应社会的需求。本综述的关键在于巩固目前全球转基因作物的立法格局，在早期工作的基础上，具体探讨基因编辑作物如何融入现有框架。这项工作是同类研究中的首次尝试，综合了全球适用的监管文件，重点关注转基因作物种植，并提供了转基因和基因编辑作物原始立法的链接。
