Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jul 15;778:146319. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146319. Epub 2021 Mar 8.
Global dairy and swine production growth has increased significantly over the past decades, resulting in higher manure generation in certain areas and environmental concerns. Therefore, manure management is an essential focus for farmers and environmental regulators. Systematic selection of manure management practices can provide environmental benefits, but accounting for local constraints, economics and farming practices are significant challenges. All these factors drive the selection of appropriate manure management systems (MMSs). MMSs are highly varied for their design, partly due to individual farm settings, geography, and the end-use applications of manure. However, the benefits of technological advancements in MMSs provide higher manure treatment efficiency and co-production of value-added products such as recycled water, fiber, sand bedding, and nutrient-rich bio-solids, among others. To achieve higher environmental benefits, advanced manure treatment technologies have to be implemented, which comes with additional costs. So, there is a tradeoff between environmental benefits and cost. With the above prospects, this article reviews: 1) the different treatment technologies used in dairy and swine farms, 2) the life cycle assessment (LCA) method's importance in evaluating various treatment technologies for better environmental returns, and 3) decision support tools (DST) and their significance in MMSs prioritization. We found considerable heterogeneity in the available datasets, mainly on crucial parameters such as water consumption, types and amount of bedding materials, manure removal frequency, manure treatment technologies, and the extent of resource recovery. Thus, suitable environmental impact assessment inventory models are needed to evaluate a more comprehensive range of treatment technologies in MMSs, representing the spatial and farming system heterogeneities. There is also a need for user-friendly DST with adjustable inputs for the functional components of MMSs and evaluation criteria, which can rapidly evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of alternative systems.
全球乳制品和养猪业的生产增长在过去几十年中显著增加，导致某些地区的粪便产生量增加，并引发了环境问题。因此，粪便管理是农民和环境监管机构的关注重点。系统地选择粪便管理措施可以带来环境效益，但考虑到当地的限制、经济因素和农业实践，这是一项重大挑战。所有这些因素都推动了合适的粪便管理系统（MMS）的选择。由于个体农场的设置、地理位置和粪便的最终用途应用等因素，MMS 在设计上存在很大差异。然而，MMS 中的技术进步带来了更高的粪便处理效率和附加值产品的共同生产，例如再生水、纤维、沙质床料和营养丰富的生物固体等。为了实现更高的环境效益，必须采用先进的粪便处理技术，这会带来额外的成本。因此，环境效益和成本之间存在权衡。基于上述前景，本文综述了：1）在奶牛场和养猪场中使用的不同处理技术；2）生命周期评估（LCA）方法在评估各种处理技术以获得更好的环境回报方面的重要性；3）决策支持工具（DST）及其在 MMS 优先级排序中的意义。我们发现，现有数据集中存在相当大的异质性，主要是在一些关键参数上，例如水的消耗、垫料的类型和数量、粪便清除频率、粪便处理技术以及资源回收的程度等。因此，需要使用合适的环境影响评估清单模型来评估 MMS 中更全面的处理技术范围，以反映空间和农业系统的异质性。还需要具有用户友好界面的 DST，该工具具有可调节的输入功能，用于 MMS 的功能组件和评估标准，可以快速评估替代系统的技术经济可行性。
