Harris C R, Chapman R A, Tolman J H, Moy P, Henning K, Harris C
Agriculture Canada, London Research Centre, London, Ontario.
J Environ Sci Health B. 1988 Feb;23(1):1-32. doi: 10.1080/03601238809372584.
In May 1983, granular formulations of carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, disulfoton, fonofos, isofenphos, phorate, and terbufos were applied in incorporated bands to duplicate 2 m2 field plots of clay loam. Insecticide concentrations were determined in the bands at 0,1,2,3,4,6,8,10,12,16, and 20 wk. Following spring cultivation, the insecticides were applied to the same plots in 1984 and 1985. In addition, carbofuran was applied to previously untreated plots in 1984 and all 7 materials were applied to previously untreated plots in 1985. Sampling and analysis were carried out as in 1983. Persistence was assessed on the basis of the disappearance rates measured for the 1st 8 wk and of a calculated Effectiveness Potential (the ratio of the average residue in the upper 5 cm of the band at 8, 10 and 12 wk and the published LC95 for western corn rootworm in clay loam soil). Soils treated with carbofuran and isofenphos in 1984 and all soils treated in 1985 were tested for anti-insecticide activity. Soil cores from some carbofuran, chlorpyrifos and terbufos treated plots were sectioned vertically to establish the distribution of the insecticides during 1985. In addition, granular and pure chemical forms of isofenphos and carbofuran were applied at 10 ppm to anti-isofenphos and anti-carbofuran active and control soils (from field plots) maintained at 10 and 20% moisture in the laboratory to assess the effect of formulation and moisture on persistence in active soils. Insecticide concentrations were determined at 0,1,3,7, 10,14,21,28, and 35 days. The persistence of chlorpyrifos, terbufos and phorate was relatively constant over the 3 years and between plots receiving single and multiple treatments. Disulfoton and fonofos behavior was more variable and that of carbofuran and isofenphos was extremely variable. Anti-insecticide activity against carbofuran and isofenphos was detectable 2 wk after an initial application and was still present the following spring. Anti-insecticide activity against fonofos, terbufos sulfoxide, phorate sulfone and disulfoton sulfone was also generated in this soil. Anti-insecticide activity against chlorpyrifos, disulfoton, terbufos and phorate was not present. Carbofuran, chlorpyrifos and terbufos (+ metabolites) present in the upper 5 cm of soil averaged 93, 94 and 94%, respectively, of the total core contents over 12 wk. Significant moisture dependent differences were observed between the behavior of granular carbofuran and granular isofenphos in anti-insecticide active soils.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
1983年5月，将克百威、毒死蜱、乙拌磷、地虫硫磷、异柳磷、甲拌磷和特丁硫磷的颗粒制剂以条施方式施用于两块2平方米的粘壤土田间小区。在0、1、2、3、4、6、8、10、12、16和20周时测定条带中的杀虫剂浓度。春季耕作后，1984年和1985年在相同小区施用这些杀虫剂。此外，1984年克百威施用于先前未处理的小区，1985年所有7种药剂施用于先前未处理的小区。采样和分析方法与1983年相同。根据前8周测得的消失率和计算出的有效性潜力（8、10和12周时条带上部5厘米处的平均残留量与粘壤土中西玉米根虫公布的LC95的比值）评估持久性。对1984年用克百威和异柳磷处理的土壤以及1985年处理的所有土壤进行了抗杀虫剂活性测试。对一些用克百威、毒死蜱和特丁硫磷处理的小区的土芯进行垂直切片，以确定1985年期间杀虫剂的分布情况。此外，将异柳磷和克百威的颗粒剂和纯化学形式以10 ppm施用于在实验室中保持10%和20%湿度的抗异柳磷和抗克百威活性土壤及对照土壤（来自田间小区），以评估制剂和湿度对活性土壤中持久性的影响。在0、1、3、7、10、14、21、28和35天测定杀虫剂浓度。毒死蜱、特丁硫磷和甲拌磷的持久性在3年期间以及接受单次和多次处理的小区之间相对稳定。乙拌磷和地虫硫磷的行为变化较大，克百威和异柳磷的行为变化极大。首次施用后2周可检测到对克百威和异柳磷的抗杀虫剂活性，次年春季仍然存在。该土壤中还产生了对地虫硫磷、特丁硫磷亚砜、甲拌磷砜和乙拌磷砜的抗杀虫剂活性。未发现对毒死蜱、乙拌磷、特丁硫磷和甲拌磷的抗杀虫剂活性。在12周内，土壤上部5厘米处的克百威、毒死蜱和特丁硫磷（+代谢物）平均分别占土芯总含量的93%、94%和94%。在抗杀虫剂活性土壤中，颗粒状克百威和颗粒状异柳磷的行为存在显著的湿度依赖性差异。（摘要截于400字）
