Marketing Department, Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University.
Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University.
Psychol Sci. 2021 Apr;32(4):598-610. doi: 10.1177/0956797620975779. Epub 2021 Mar 17.
Cognitive ability consists not only of one's internal competence but also of the augmentation offered by the outside world. How much of our cognitive success is due to our own abilities, and how much is due to external support? Can we accurately draw that distinction? Here, we explored when and why people are unaware of their reliance on outside assistance. Across eight experiments ( = 2,440 participants recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk), people showed improved metacognitive calibration when assistance occurred after a delay or required active choice. Furthermore, these findings apply across a wide range of cognitive tasks, including semantic memory (Experiments 1a and 1b), episodic memory (Experiments 2a and 2b), and problem solving (Experiments 3a-3d). These experiments offer important insights into how we understand our own abilities when we rely on outside help.
认知能力不仅包括一个人的内在能力，还包括外界提供的增强。我们的认知成功有多少是由于自身能力，又有多少是由于外部支持？我们能否准确地区分这一点？在这里，我们探讨了人们何时以及为何会意识不到自己对外部帮助的依赖。在八项实验中（共有 2440 名参与者，通过亚马逊土耳其机器人平台招募），当辅助发生在延迟之后或需要主动选择时，人们的元认知校准会得到改善。此外，这些发现适用于广泛的认知任务，包括语义记忆（实验 1a 和 1b）、情节记忆（实验 2a 和 2b）和解决问题（实验 3a-3d）。这些实验为我们理解自己在依赖外部帮助时的能力提供了重要的见解。
