Effects of swine manure composting by microbial inoculation: Heavy metal fractions, humic substances, and bacterial community metabolism.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of swine manure composting with microbial inoculation (MI) and without MI (CK) on heavy metal (Cr, Cd, and Pb) fractions, humic substance (HS), and metabolism pathway. The results showed that MI could passivate the heavy metal Cr and reduce the proportion of exchangeable (EXC) fraction of Cd, but it does not affect the EXC fraction of Pb. Compared to CK, HS, humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (FA) were significantly increased with MI at the maturity stage. The propagation of Proteobacteria (day 4) and Firmicutes (days 12 and 24) was strengthened with MI. Canonical correlation analysis found that HA and Firmicutes were positively correlated with heavy metal (Cr, Cd, and Pb) residual (RES) fraction, and FA was positively correlated with Proteobacteria. Moreover, MI can significantly increase amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism by day 4, enhance the metabolism of enzyme families and glycan biosynthesis by day 12, and improve membrane transport. Overall, MI could facilitates the increase in HA and FA content and transfer of heavy metal (Cr, Cd, and Pb) fractions, it particularly helps increase the RES fraction.