School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, U.S.A. Present address: Librarius Study Center, Estación Bio-lógica Jatun Sacha, Provincia Napo, Ecuador..
Zootaxa. 2020 Dec 22;4896(3):zootaxa.4896.3.2. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.3.2.
We describe a new species of dendrobatid frog, Leucostethus bilsa sp. nov., using molecular, morphological, and acoustic evidence. We also comment on the taxonomic status of four similar Hyloxalus and Colostethus. We provide an updated phylogeny of Leucostethus that corroborates previous hypotheses of relationships of nine species. Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial (i.e., 7095 bp of combined data from NADH1, NAHD2, cytochrome c oxidase I, cytochrome b and 12S-16S rRNA) and seven nuclear genes (i.e., 4739 bp) indicate a close relationship of L. bilsa to an undescribed species from Gorgona Island, Colombia, both of which apparently diverged in the Pliocene about 3 million years ago with about 6.25% (i.e., 146/2335 bp) differences for the section of 12S-16S mitochondrial fragment. Leucostethus bilsa is diurnal and riparian, characterized by distinctive bright mustard-yellow flash marks in the axillar and groin regions, posterior belly, and in the hindlimbs, the presence of dark gray lower labial stripe or marks, sexual dimorphism in ventral pattern, and by having male uniparental care. We describe its osteology and the male advertisement call, which is a series of peep notes. Osteological microCT images of representatives of each of the Colostethinae genera reveal a number of intriguing characters that may prove to be useful in phylogenetic studies. In terms of its distribution, Leucostethus bilsa is currently known only from a very small area within the Reserva Biológica Bilsa, located within the Cordillera Mache-Chindul in the Chocoan region of northwestern Ecuador, which was a Pliocene-Pleistocene refugium. This region is highly threatened with habitat degradation and remains as the last surviving refuge for a forest community known for a high proportion of endemic species of both flora and fauna.
我们使用分子、形态和声学证据描述了一种新的树蛙属（Dendrobatidae）蛙类，即 Leucostethus bilsa 新种。我们还对四个类似的 Hyloxalus 和 Colostethus 的分类地位进行了评论。我们提供了 Leucostethus 的更新系统发育树，该树支持了之前关于九个物种关系的假设。基于线粒体（即 NADH1、NAHD2、细胞色素 c 氧化酶 I、细胞色素 b 和 12S-16S rRNA 的联合数据为 7095bp）和七个核基因（即 4739bp）的系统发育分析表明，L. bilsa 与哥伦比亚戈罗纳岛的一个未描述物种密切相关，两者显然在大约 300 万年前的上新世分化，12S-16S 线粒体片段的差异约为 6.25%（即 146/2335bp）。Leucostethus bilsa 是昼行性的，栖息在河岸地区，其特征是腋窝和腹股沟区域、后腹部以及后肢具有鲜明的亮芥末黄色闪光标记，下唇有深灰色条纹或标记，腹面图案存在性二型性，以及雄性单亲育儿。我们描述了其骨骼学和雄性广告叫声，这是一系列窥视声。每个 Colostethinae 属的代表的骨骼微 CT 图像揭示了一些有趣的特征，这些特征可能在系统发育研究中证明是有用的。就其分布而言，Leucostethus bilsa 目前仅在厄瓜多尔西北部乔科地区的马切钦杜尔山脉内的比尔斯生物保护区的一个非常小的区域内被发现，该地区是上新世-更新世的避难所。该地区面临着严重的栖息地退化威胁，是一个已知动植物特有种比例很高的森林群落的最后幸存避难所。
