Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2021 Mar;24(3):203-209. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0272.
Deepfakes may refer to algorithmically synthesized material wherein the face of a person is superimposed onto another body. To date, most deepfakes found online are pornographic, with the people depicted in them rarely consenting to their creation and publicization. Deepfakes leave anyone with an online presence vulnerable to victimization. As a testament to policy often being reactionary to antisocial behavior, current Canadian legislation offers no clear recourse to those who are victimized by deepfake pornography. We aim to provide a critical review of the legal mechanisms and remedies in place, including criminal charges, defamation, copyright infringement laws, and injunctive relief that could be applied in deepfake pornography cases. To combat deepfake pornography, we suggest current laws to be expanded to include language specific to falsely created pornography without the explicit consent of all depicted persons. We also discuss the extent to which host websites are responsible for vetting the uploaded content on their platforms. Finally, we present a call for action on a societal and research level to deal with deepfakes and better support victims of deepfake pornography.
深度伪造可能指的是通过算法合成的材料，其中一个人的面部被叠加到另一个身体上。迄今为止，在网上发现的大多数深度伪造都是色情内容，其中描述的人很少同意其制作和传播。深度伪造使任何有在线存在的人都容易受到侵害。作为政策经常对反社会行为做出反应的证明，加拿大现行立法并没有为那些受到深度伪造色情内容侵害的人提供明确的追索权。我们旨在对现有法律机制和补救措施进行批判性审查，包括可能适用于深度伪造色情案件的刑事指控、诽谤、版权侵权法以及禁制令救济。为了打击深度伪造色情内容，我们建议扩大现行法律，纳入未经所有被描绘者明确同意而制作的虚假色情内容的特定语言。我们还讨论了主机网站在审核其平台上上传内容方面应承担多大责任。最后，我们呼吁在社会和研究层面采取行动，以应对深度伪造问题，并更好地支持深度伪造色情内容的受害者。
