Wageningen Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
6 Prestwick Road, Great Denham, Bedford, UK.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Oct 15;791:146409. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146409. Epub 2021 Mar 13.
There is increasing research interest in the application of the ecosystem services (ES) concept in the environmental risk assessment of chemicals to support formulating and operationalising regulatory environmental protection goals and making environmental risk assessment more policy- and value-relevant. This requires connecting ecosystem structure and processes to ecosystem function and henceforth to provision of ecosystem goods and services and their economic valuation. Ecological production functions (EPFs) may help to quantify these connections in a transparent manner and to predict ES provision based on function-related descriptors for service providing species, communities, ecosystems or habitats. We review scientific literature for EPFs to evaluate availability across provisioning and regulation and maintenance services (CICES v5.1 classification). We found quantitative production functions for nearly all ES, often complemented with economic valuation of physical or monetary flows. We studied the service providing units in these EPFs to evaluate the potential for extrapolation of toxicity data for test species obtained from standardised testing to ES provision. A broad taxonomic representation of service providers was established, but quantitative models directly linking standard test species to ES provision were extremely scarce. A pragmatic way to deal with this data gap would be the use of proxies for related taxa and stepwise functional extrapolation to ES provision and valuation, which we conclude possible for most ES. We suggest that EPFs may be used in defining specific protection goals (SPGs), and illustrate, using pollination as an example, the availability of information for the ecological entity and attribute dimensions of SPGs. Twenty-five pollination EPFs were compiled from the literature for biological entities ranging from 'colony' to 'habitat', with 75% referring to 'functional group'. With about equal representation of the attributes 'function', 'abundance' and 'diversity', SPGs for pollination therefore would seem best substantiated by EPFs at the level of functional group.
越来越多的研究关注将生态系统服务（ES）概念应用于化学品的环境风险评估中，以支持制定和实施监管环境保护目标，并使环境风险评估更具政策相关性和价值相关性。这需要将生态系统结构和过程与生态系统功能联系起来，进而与生态系统商品和服务的提供及其经济价值联系起来。生态生产函数（EPF）可以帮助以透明的方式量化这些联系，并根据与功能相关的服务提供物种、群落、生态系统或生境的描述符来预测 ES 的提供。我们回顾了科学文献中关于 EPF 的研究，以评估其在供应和调节与维护服务（CICES v5.1 分类）方面的可用性。我们发现了几乎所有 ES 的定量生产函数，这些函数通常还补充了对物理或货币流量的经济估值。我们研究了这些 EPF 中的服务提供单位，以评估将从标准化测试中获得的测试物种的毒性数据外推到 ES 供应的潜力。建立了服务提供者的广泛分类群表示，但将标准测试物种直接与 ES 供应联系起来的定量模型极为稀缺。处理这一数据差距的一种务实方法是使用相关分类群的代理，并逐步进行功能外推以实现 ES 供应和估值，我们得出的结论是，大多数 ES 都可以这样做。我们建议 EPF 可用于定义特定保护目标（SPG），并以授粉为例说明 SPG 的生态实体和属性维度的信息可用性。我们从文献中汇编了 25 个授粉 EPF，涵盖了从“殖民地”到“栖息地”的生物实体，其中 75% 涉及“功能群”。由于“功能”、“丰度”和“多样性”的属性代表大致相等，因此授粉的 SPG 似乎最好通过功能群级别的 EPF 来证明。
