Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop J978, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources, Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Biological Sciences East 325, P.O. Box 210043, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0043, USA.
J Environ Radioact. 2021 Jul;233:106586. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106586. Epub 2021 Mar 25.
Exposure assessment from radionuclides and other soil-bound contaminants often requires quantifying the amount of contaminant resuspended in the air. Rates and controlling factors of radionuclide resuspension and wind erosion of soil are clearly related but have largely been studied separately. Here, we review both and then integrate wind erosion measurements with the radiological resuspension paradigm to provide better estimates of resuspension factors across a broad range of ecosystems and environmental conditions. Radionuclide resuspension by wind was initially investigated during the era of aboveground nuclear weapons testing. Predictive dose models were developed from empirically-derived ratios of air and soil concentrations, otherwise called the resuspension factor. Resuspension factors were shown to generally predict radionuclide concentrations in air, but they were site-specific and largely derived from the arid and semi-arid environments surrounding nuclear weapons testing locations. In contrast, wind erosion studies from the agricultural and environmental sciences have produced more mechanistic models and a relatively robust data set of wind erosion rates and model parameters across a range of ecosystems. We sequentially show the mathematics linking measured sediment flux from wind erosion rate measurements to resuspension factors using the concept of transport capacity and its relationship to the deposition velocity. We also describe the conceptual framework describing how resuspension factors change through time and the mathematical models describing this decrease. We then show how vertical mass flux measurements across ecosystems were categorized and used to calculate ecosystem-based resuspension factors. These calculations allow generalized estimation of radionuclide resuspension factors across ecosystem types as a function of disturbance and as input for dose calculations.
放射性核素和其他土壤结合污染物的暴露评估通常需要量化空气中再悬浮的污染物数量。放射性核素再悬浮和土壤风蚀的速率和控制因素显然是相关的，但在很大程度上是分开研究的。在这里，我们回顾了这两个方面，然后将风蚀测量与放射性再悬浮范例相结合，以在广泛的生态系统和环境条件下提供更好的再悬浮因子估计。
放射性核素的风再悬浮最初是在地面核武器试验时代进行研究的。预测剂量模型是根据空气和土壤浓度的经验比值（也称为再悬浮因子）开发的。再悬浮因子通常可以预测空气中的放射性核素浓度，但它们是特定于地点的，并且主要来自核武器试验地点周围的干旱和半干旱环境。相比之下，农业和环境科学的风蚀研究产生了更多的机械模型和一系列生态系统中风蚀速率和模型参数的相对稳健数据集。
我们依次展示了通过风蚀速率测量从测量的泥沙通量到再悬浮因子的数学联系，使用输送能力的概念及其与沉积速度的关系。我们还描述了描述再悬浮因子随时间变化的概念框架以及描述这种减少的数学模型。然后，我们展示了如何对跨生态系统的垂直质量通量测量进行分类，并用于计算基于生态系统的再悬浮因子。这些计算允许根据干扰和剂量计算的输入，对生态系统类型的放射性核素再悬浮因子进行广义估计。
