Phylogeny and evolution of in subfamily Arvivolinae based on mitochondrial genomics.

The species of Lataste 1887 with their related genera remains undetermined owing to inconsistent morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny. To investigate the phylogenetic relationship and speciation among species of the genus , we sequenced and annotated the whole mitochondrial genomes of three individual species, namely Radde 1861, Milne-Edwards 1871, and () Büchner 1889. The nucleotide sequences of the circular mitogenomes were identical for each individual species of , , and . Each species contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs, with mitochondrial genome lengths of 16,557 bp, 16,562 bp, and 16,324 bp, respectively. The mitogenomes and PCGs showed positive AT skew and negative GC skew. Mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses suggested that , , and Pallas 1779 belong to the genus , whereas belongs to the genus grouped with . showed the closest relationship with Büchner 1889 and Kuroda 1920, which are considered as the paraphyletic species of genera Microtus. and niche model analysis revealed that may have first appeared during the early Pleistocene epoch. Further, separated from others over 1.53 million years ago (Ma) and then diverged into and 0.76 Ma. The relative contribution of climatic fluctuations to speciation and selection in this group requires further research.