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不同尼日利亚水稻品种在不同制麦条件影响下所生产的麦芽、麦汁和啤酒的特征变化。

Characteristic changes in malt, wort, and beer produced from different Nigerian rice varieties as influenced by varying malting conditions.

作者信息

Ofoedu Chigozie E, Akosim Chibugo Q, Iwouno Jude O, Obi Chioma D, Shorstkii Ivan, Okpala Charles Odilichukwu R

机构信息

Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Owerri, Imo, Nigeria.

Department of Food Science and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra, Nigeria.

出版信息

PeerJ. 2021 Mar 19;9:e10968. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10968. eCollection 2021.

Abstract

Gluten-free beer could be produced with rice, although the latter would primarily serve as adjunct in combination with barley malt in today's brewing. However, the recent growing realisation of the potential and applications of rice malt for brewing an all-rice malt beer through varying malting conditions cannot be overlooked. In this study, therefore, the characteristic changes in malt, wort, and beer from different Nigerian rice varieties (FARO 44, FARO 57, NERICA 7) as influenced by varying malting conditions (steeping duration (18, 24 and 30 h), germination periods (2, 3 and 4 days) and kilning temperatures (50 and 55 °C)), were investigated. Rice (grain) samples were examined by thousand kernel weight (TKW), germinative energy (GE), germinative capacity (GC), and degree of steeping (DoS). To ensure that rice wort/beer with unique beer style and enhanced attributes, comparable to barley wort/beer is produced, malting conditions that produced rice malts with peak diastatic power (DP), cold water extract (CWE), and hot water extract (HWE) were selected. Peak DP, CWE and HWE were obtained at FARO 44 (18 h steeping, 3 days germination, 55 °C kilning (SGK)), FARO 57 (30 h steeping, 2 days germination, 50 °C kilning (SGK)) and NERICA 7 (24 h steeping, 3 days germination, 55 °C kilning (SGK)). Selected malts were further tested for moisture content, total nitrogen, malt yield and malting loss and subsequently progressed to wort and beer production. Wort's pH, total soluble nitrogen (TSN), brix, kolbach index (KI), free amino nitrogen (FAN), dextrose equivalent (DE), original extract (OE) and sugar profile were determined, as well as beer's pH, colour, apparent extract (AE), alcohol by volume (%ABV), turbidity and sensory attributes. Rice grain varied significantly ( < 0.05) in TKW, GE, GC and DoS across varieties. Despite wort's pH, TSN, DE, OE as well as beer pH, colour, AE and turbidity resembling ( > 0.05) across varieties, wort's brix, KI, FAN, sugar profile as well as beer's %ABV, differed significantly ( < 0.05). Sensory attributes of appearance, colour, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability in beer differed noticeably ( < 0.05), except for aroma and taste ( > 0.05). Overall, the rice beer, though very slightly hazy, represented a pale yellow light lager, which is indicative of its peculiar beer style. Besides increased DP and enhanced hydrolysis, varying malting conditions of current study could serve as a pathway of reducing the cost of exogenous (commercial) enzymes or barley malt imports, together with decreasing barley's dependency for brewing in the tropics.

摘要

无麸质啤酒可以用大米酿造,尽管在当今的酿造过程中,大米主要作为辅助原料与大麦麦芽混合使用。然而,最近人们越来越认识到,通过改变制麦条件,大米麦芽在酿造全大米麦芽啤酒方面的潜力和应用不容忽视。因此,在本研究中,研究了不同尼日利亚水稻品种(法罗44、法罗57、奈瑞卡7)的麦芽、麦芽汁和啤酒在不同制麦条件(浸泡时间(18、24和30小时)、发芽期(2、3和4天)和烘焙温度(50和55°C))影响下的特性变化。通过千粒重(TKW)、发芽能量(GE)、发芽能力(GC)和浸泡程度(DoS)对水稻(谷粒)样品进行了检测。为了确保生产出具有独特啤酒风格和增强特性、可与大麦麦芽汁/啤酒媲美的大米麦芽汁/啤酒,选择了能产生具有最高糖化力(DP)、冷水提取物(CWE)和热水提取物(HWE)的大米麦芽的制麦条件。在法罗44(浸泡18小时、发芽3天、55°C烘焙(SGK))、法罗57(浸泡30小时、发芽2天、50°C烘焙(SGK))和奈瑞卡7(浸泡24小时、发芽3天、55°C烘焙(SGK))条件下获得了最高的DP、CWE和HWE。对选定的麦芽进一步检测其水分含量、总氮、麦芽产量和制麦损失,随后进行麦芽汁和啤酒生产。测定了麦芽汁的pH值、总可溶性氮(TSN)、糖度、科尔巴赫指数(KI)、游离氨基氮(FAN)、葡萄糖当量(DE)、原麦汁浓度(OE)和糖谱,以及啤酒的pH值、颜色、表观原麦汁浓度(AE)、体积酒精含量(%ABV)、浊度和感官特性。不同品种的水稻谷粒在TKW、GE、GC和DoS方面存在显著差异(<0.05)。尽管不同品种间麦芽汁的pH值、TSN、DE、OE以及啤酒的pH值、颜色、AE和浊度相似(>0.05),但麦芽汁的糖度、KI、FAN、糖谱以及啤酒的%ABV存在显著差异(<0.05)。啤酒的外观、颜色、口感和总体可接受性等感官特性差异明显(<0.05),但香气和味道除外(>0.05)。总体而言,大米啤酒虽然略显浑浊,但呈现出淡黄色淡色拉格啤酒的特点,这表明了其独特的啤酒风格。此外,除了提高DP和增强水解作用外,本研究中不同的制麦条件还可以作为降低外源(商业)酶成本或大麦麦芽进口成本的途径,同时减少热带地区酿造对大麦的依赖。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1dd3/7983859/a820fe456a19/peerj-09-10968-g001.jpg

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