Faculty of Health Sciences, Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Subcell Biochem. 2021;97:455-482. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_18.
Preeclampsia (PE) is associated with long-term morbidity in mothers and lifelong morbidities for their children, ranging from cerebral palsy and cognitive delay in preterm infants, to hypertension, diabetes and obesity in adolescents and young adults. There are several processes that are critical for development of materno-fetal exchange, including establishing adequate perfusion of the placenta by maternal blood, and the formation of the placental villous vascular tree. Recent studies provide persuasive evidence that placenta-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a significant intercellular communication pathway, and that they may play an important role in placental and endothelial cell (both fetal and maternal) function. These functions are known to be altered in PE. EVs can carry and transport a wide range of bioactive molescules that have potential to be used as biomarkers and therapeutic delivery tools for PE. EV content is often parent cell specific, thus providing an insight or "thumbprint" of the intracellular environment of the originating cell (e.g., human placenta). EV have been identified in plasma under both normal and pathological conditions, including PE. The concentration of EVs and their content in plasma has been reported to increase in association with disease severity and/or progression. Placenta-derived EVs have been identified in maternal plasma during normal pregnancy and PE pregnancies. They contain placenta-specific proteins and miRNAs and, as such, may be differentiated from maternally-derived EVs. The aim of this review, thus, is to describe the potential roles of EVs in preecmpatic pregnancies, focussing on EVs secreted from placental cells. The biogenesis, specificity of placental EVs, and methods used to characterise EVs in the context of PE pregnancies will be also discussed.
子痫前期 (PE) 与母亲的长期发病和其子女的终身发病相关，范围从早产儿的脑瘫和认知延迟，到青少年和年轻成年人的高血压、糖尿病和肥胖。有几个过程对母婴交换的发展至关重要，包括通过母体血液为胎盘提供足够的灌注，以及胎盘绒毛血管树的形成。最近的研究提供了有说服力的证据，表明胎盘衍生的细胞外囊泡 (EV) 代表了一种重要的细胞间通讯途径，并且它们可能在胎盘和内皮细胞（胎儿和母体）功能中发挥重要作用。已知这些功能在 PE 中发生改变。EV 可以携带和转运广泛的生物活性分子，这些分子有可能成为 PE 的生物标志物和治疗性输送工具。EV 的内容通常是亲代细胞特有的，因此提供了起源细胞内环境的见解或“指纹”（例如，人胎盘）。EV 在正常和病理条件下（包括 PE）的血浆中被识别。已经报道 EV 在血浆中的浓度及其含量与疾病的严重程度和/或进展相关增加。在正常妊娠和 PE 妊娠期间，胎盘衍生的 EV 已在母体血浆中被识别。它们含有胎盘特异性蛋白质和 miRNA，因此可以与母体衍生的 EV 区分开来。因此，本综述的目的是描述 EV 在子痫前期妊娠中的潜在作用，重点是胎盘细胞分泌的 EV。还将讨论 EV 的生物发生、胎盘 EV 的特异性以及在 PE 妊娠中用于表征 EV 的方法。
