Anaphase A.

Anaphase A is the motion of recently separated chromosomes to the spindle pole they face. It is accompanied by the shortening of kinetochore-attached microtubules. The requisite tubulin depolymerization may occur at kinetochores, at poles, or both, depending on the species and/or the time in mitosis. These depolymerization events are local and suggest that cells regulate microtubule dynamics in specific places, presumably by the localization of relevant enzymes and microtubule-associated proteins to specific loci, such as pericentriolar material and outer kinetochores. Motor enzymes can contribute to anaphase A, both by altering microtubule stability and by pushing or pulling microtubules through the cell. The generation of force on chromosomes requires couplings that can both withstand the considerable force that spindles can generate and simultaneously permit tubulin addition and loss. This chapter reviews literature on the molecules that regulate anaphase microtubule dynamics, couple dynamic microtubules to kinetochores and poles, and generate forces for microtubule and chromosome motion.