Rianto Fitra, Hoang Thien, Revoori Ritika, Sparks Matthew A
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Renal Section, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2021 Jun 1;529:111259. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111259. Epub 2021 Mar 27.
Kidney disease, blood pressure determination, hypertension pathogenesis, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are inextricably linked. Hence, understanding the RAS is pivotal to unraveling the pathophysiology of hypertension and the determinants to maintaining normal blood pressure. The RAS has been the subject of intense investigation for over a century. Moreover, medications that block the RAS are mainstay therapies in clinical medicine and have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes, cardiovascular, and kidney diseases. The main effector peptide of the RAS is the interaction of the octapeptide- Ang II with its receptor. The type 1 angiotensin receptor (ATR) is the effector receptor for Ang II. These G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ubiquitously expressed in a variety of cell lineages and tissues relevant to cardiovascular disease throughout the body. The advent of cell specific deletion of genes using Cre LoxP technology in mice has allowed for the identification of discreet actions of ATRs in blood pressure control and kidney disease. The kidney is one of the major targets of the RAS, which is responsible in maintaining fluid, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure. In this review we will discuss the role of ATRs in the kidney, vasculature, and immune cells and address their effects on hypertension and kidney disease.
肾脏疾病、血压测定、高血压发病机制以及肾素-血管紧张素系统（RAS）紧密相连。因此，了解RAS对于阐明高血压的病理生理学以及维持正常血压的决定因素至关重要。一个多世纪以来，RAS一直是深入研究的对象。此外，阻断RAS的药物是临床医学的主要治疗方法，已被证明可降低糖尿病、心血管疾病和肾脏疾病患者的发病率和死亡率。RAS的主要效应肽是八肽血管紧张素II（Ang II）与其受体的相互作用。1型血管紧张素受体（ATR）是Ang II的效应受体。这些G蛋白偶联受体（GPCRs）在全身与心血管疾病相关的多种细胞谱系和组织中广泛表达。利用小鼠中的Cre LoxP技术进行细胞特异性基因缺失的出现，使得能够确定ATR在血压控制和肾脏疾病中的具体作用。肾脏是RAS的主要靶器官之一，负责维持体液、电解质平衡和血压。在本综述中，我们将讨论ATR在肾脏、血管系统和免疫细胞中的作用，并阐述它们对高血压和肾脏疾病的影响。
