Differential price-responsiveness of smoking behaviors among non-Hispanic African Americans and non-Hispanic whites in the United States.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Non-Hispanic African Americans (African Americans) smoke fewer cigarettes per day (CPD) and are more likely to be non-daily smokers than non-Hispanic whites (whites). Little is known about how changes in cigarette prices might contribute to these differences. This study aimed to measure the price-responsiveness of smoking participation, non-daily smoking among current smokers and smoking intensity among daily or non-daily smokers for African Americans and compare the price-responsiveness estimates with those for whites.

DESIGN

Analysis of data from the 2009-14 National Adult Tobacco Surveys and cigarette price data from the Tax Burden on Tobacco report.

SETTING

United States.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 19 232 African American and 197 939 white adults aged 18+.

MEASUREMENTS

We used a three-part econometric model of cigarette demand to estimate the price-responsiveness of smoking participation, daily versus non-daily smoking and smoking intensity. The model controlled for secular variation, state-level anti-smoking sentiment and smoke-free air laws and socio-demographics.

FINDINGS

In 2009-14, 20.2% of African Americans and 17.7% of whites identified as current smokers; 70.2% of African American smokers and 81.4% of white smokers smoked daily. The price elasticity of smoking participation was significant for whites at -0.16 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.23, -0.09], indicating that a 10% increase in prices would reduce smoking participation by 1.6%, but not statistically significant for African Americans, and this racial/ethnic differential price responsiveness was not statistically significant. The price elasticity of smoking intensity was statistically significant for African American daily smokers at -0.29 (95% CI = -0.42, -0.16), but not statistically significant for white daily smokers, and this racial/ethnic differential price-responsiveness was statistically significant. The price elasticity of daily versus non-daily smoking among current smokers, and the price elasticity of smoking intensity among non-daily smokers were not statistically significant for either racial/ethnic group.

CONCLUSION

In the United States, cigarette price increases may have stronger effects on decreasing daily smokers' consumption among African Americans than among non-Hispanic whites.