[Application of the Risk of Bias 2 Tool].

The Cochrane risk of bias (RoB) tool is used widely in systematic review studies and evidence-based healthcare. However, how this tool is used and how domains and signaling questions are interpreted may vary significantly across studies. This article was written to illustrate the limitations of the Risk of Bias tool version 1, which have been addressed in the new version of this tool, Risk of Bias version 2 (RoB 2). In addition to introducing the five domains (including risk of bias due to the randomization process, deviations from the intended interventions, missing outcome data, measurement of the outcome, and selection of reported results) and the assessment of overall bias risk, the procedure of using the RoB 2 tool to assess randomized controlled trials when conducting a systematic review study and evidence-based practice is also introduced. The structure of pre-, during-, and post-assessment is used in this article to describe clearly the procedure of bias assessment. An overall introduction to the relevant resources related to RoB 2 (such as guidance, software, and websites) is also addressed, to further enhance the familiarity with RoB 2 of nursing staffs and systematic review researchers and to increase their ability to use this tool effectively.