Trends in Non-Medical Prescription Opioid Use among Urban and Rural American Indian and Alaska Native Youth Residing in New Mexico: 2013-2017.

Increasing rates of opioid-related deaths over the last twenty years have created a national public health crisis. However, minimal research investigates opioid use among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth. This study examined non-medical prescription opioid prevalence rates and resiliency of urban and rural AI/AN and non-AI/AN students. The sample included eighth, tenth, and twelfth grade students who participated in the New Mexico Youth Risk and Resilience Survey in 2013, 2015, and 2017 (n = 42,098). Logistic regression models showed no significant differences in non-medical prescription opioid use among rural and urban students in 2013, 2015, and 2017. No significant differences in use between AI/AN and non-AI/AN students occurred in 2013, 2015, or 2017. Family and community support were protective of misuse consistent across time points, and included caring adults, community involvement, and clear rules at school. These findings may help to inform the development of strengths-based prevention activities for AI/AN youth.