Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2021 Jun;135:105972. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105972. Epub 2021 Apr 14.
Obesity is considered a global epidemic developed in part as a consequence of the overconsumption of high fat diets. One of the main negative outcomes of obesity is the development of low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, induced by dysregulated immune responses, which can lead to multiple obesity-related diseases. Ceramides are a group of bioactive lipids known to be elevated in obesity and obesity-associated conditions, including cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Ceramides may be key players in promoting an obesity-induced inflammatory environment due to their ability to activate key pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NLR pyrin domain containing receptor 3 (Nlrp3), while studies have shown that inhibition of ceramide synthesis gives rise to an anti-inflammatory environment. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have been of interest due to their anti-inflammatory actions and shown to have beneficial effects in obesity-related diseases. This review will highlight the impact of ceramides in promoting an obesity-induced inflammatory microenvironment and discuss how n-3 PUFA could potentially counteract these responses and have a regulatory effect promoting immune homeostasis.
肥胖被认为是一种全球性的流行疾病，部分是由于高脂肪饮食的过度摄入所致。肥胖的一个主要负面影响是低度慢性系统性炎症的发展，这是由失调的免疫反应引起的，可能导致多种与肥胖相关的疾病。神经酰胺是一组生物活性脂质，已知在肥胖和肥胖相关疾病中升高，包括心血管疾病和 2 型糖尿病。神经酰胺可能是促进肥胖诱导的炎症环境的关键因素，因为它们能够激活关键途径，如 Toll 样受体 4（TLR4）和 NLR 富含吡喃结构域蛋白 3（Nlrp3），而研究表明，神经酰胺合成的抑制会产生抗炎环境。由于 n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸 (n-3 PUFA) 具有抗炎作用，并显示在肥胖相关疾病中有有益的作用，因此它们引起了人们的兴趣。本综述将重点讨论神经酰胺在促进肥胖诱导的炎症微环境中的作用，并讨论 n-3 PUFA 如何可能抵消这些反应并具有促进免疫稳态的调节作用。
