Chen Xiuxiu, Zhang Wei, Wang Xiaozhong, Liu Yumin, Yu Baogang, Chen Xinping, Zou Chunqin
College of Resources and Environmental Science, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Aug 20;783:147039. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147039. Epub 2021 Apr 17.
In sustainable agriculture, sufficient crop yields and nutrients must be produced while maintaining environmental protection. Considering the role of phosphorus (P) fertilizer in influencing crops yield and environmental security, life cycle assessment was used to examine the environmental impacts of long-term P application on the grain yield and nutritional quality of winter wheat and summer maize. Thus, a long-term field experiment with six P application rates for winter wheat (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg P ha) and summer maize (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 kg P ha) was conducted on the North China Plain (NCP). The results showed that the cradle-to-farm gate eutrophication potential (EP), energy depletion (ED), and P depletion (PD) were significantly affected by the P application rate applied in winter wheat and summer maize production. The critical P rate required to ensure food security for wheat and maize was in line with the optimal rate for sustainable environmental development in terms of grain production and nutrient levels. On the NCP, the ED and PD of summer maize with optimized P management over 10 years were less than those of winter wheat regardless of using yield or nutrient level as the functional unit. However, the EP of the nutrient supply in winter wheat was less than that in summer maize under optimized P fertilization. The specific nutritional components that limited improvements in environment of wheat and maize production under the optimal P rate were energy (calories) and protein, respectively. In conclusion, in a multifunctional winter wheat-summer maize rotation system, optimized P fertilization (50 kg ha for winter wheat and 25 kg ha for summer maize) combined with the planting of high-yield wheat varieties and high-protein maize varieties showed great potential to reduce the environmental impacts of wheat and maize production.
在可持续农业中，必须在保护环境的同时实现足够的作物产量和养分产出。考虑到磷肥在影响作物产量和环境安全方面的作用，本研究采用生命周期评估方法，探究长期施磷对冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒产量及营养品质的环境影响。为此，在中国华北平原开展了一项长期田间试验，设置了冬小麦（0、25、50、100、200和400 kg P ha）和夏玉米（0、12.5、25、50、100和200 kg P ha）六个施磷水平。结果表明，冬小麦和夏玉米生产中的施磷量对从摇篮到农场大门阶段的富营养化潜势（EP）、能源消耗（ED）和磷耗竭（PD）均有显著影响。就粮食安全而言，小麦和玉米所需的临界施磷量与粮食生产和养分水平方面可持续环境发展的最佳施磷量相符。在华北平原，无论以产量还是养分水平作为功能单元，优化施磷管理10年后夏玉米的ED和PD均低于冬小麦。然而，在优化施磷条件下，冬小麦养分供应的EP低于夏玉米。在最佳施磷量下，限制小麦和玉米生产环境改善的特定营养成分分别是能量（卡路里）和蛋白质。总之，在冬小麦-夏玉米多功能轮作系统中，优化施磷（冬小麦50 kg ha，夏玉米25 kg ha）结合种植高产小麦品种和高蛋白玉米品种，在降低小麦和玉米生产环境影响方面具有巨大潜力。
