Mittal Swapnil, Federman Hannah G, Sievert David, Gleeson Joseph G
Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Rady Children's Institute of Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
Neuroscientist. 2022 Oct;28(5):438-452. doi: 10.1177/10738584211009149. Epub 2021 Apr 19.
The interactions of viruses with the nervous system were thought to be well understood until the recent outbreaks of Zika and SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we consider these emerging pathogens, the range and mechanisms of the neurological disease in humans, and how the biomedical research enterprise has pivoted to answer questions about viral pathogenesis, immune response, and the special vulnerability of the nervous system. ZIKV stands out as the only new virus in a generation, associating with congenital brain defects, neurological manifestations of microcephaly in newborns, and radiculopathy in adults. COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has swept the planet in an unprecedented manner and is feared worldwide for its effect on the respiratory system, but recent evidence points to important neurological sequelae. These can include anosmia, vasculopathy, paresthesias, and stroke. Evidence of ZIKV and SARS-CoV-2 genetic material from neural tissue, and evidence of infection of neural cells, raises questions about how these emerging viruses produce disease, and where new therapies might emerge.
在最近寨卡病毒和新冠病毒爆发之前，人们认为病毒与神经系统的相互作用已被充分了解。在这篇综述中，我们探讨这些新出现的病原体、人类神经疾病的范围和机制，以及生物医学研究机构如何转向回答有关病毒发病机制、免疫反应和神经系统特殊易损性的问题。寨卡病毒是一代人以来唯一的新病毒，与先天性脑缺陷、新生儿小头畸形的神经表现以及成人神经根病有关。由新冠病毒引起的新冠肺炎以前所未有的方式席卷全球，因其对呼吸系统的影响而令全世界恐惧，但最近的证据表明存在重要的神经后遗症。这些后遗症可能包括嗅觉丧失、血管病变、感觉异常和中风。来自神经组织的寨卡病毒和新冠病毒遗传物质的证据，以及神经细胞感染的证据，引发了关于这些新出现的病毒如何致病以及新疗法可能从何而来的问题。
