Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha. P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha. P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Jul 15;290:112527. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112527. Epub 2021 Apr 22.
Produced water is responsible for the largest contribution in terms of waste stream volume associated with the production of oil and gas. Characterization of produced water is very crucial for the determination of its main components and constituents for optimal selection of the treatment method. This review aims to review and critically discuss various treatment options that can be considered cost-efficient and environmentally friendly for the removal of different pollutants from produced water. Great efforts and progresses were made in various treatment options, including batch adsorption processes, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation, biological systems, adsorption, coagulation, and combined processes. Chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, and adsorption have high removal efficiencies that can reach more than 90% for different produced water components. The most effective method among these methods is adsorption using different adsorbents media. In this review, date-pits activated carbons, microemulsions-modified date pits, and cellulose nanocrystals as low-cost adsorbents were thoroughly reviewed and discussed. Moreover, the potential of using biological treatments in the removal of various pollutants from produced water such as conventional activated sludge, sequential batch reactor, and fixed-film biological aerated filter reactors were systematically discussed. Generally, produced water can be utilized in various fields including habitat and wildlife, agricultural and irrigation sector, energy sector, fire control, industrial use also power regeneration. The degree of treatment will depend on the application that produced water is being reused in. For instance, to use produced water in oil and gas industries, water will require minimal treatment while for agricultural and drinking purposes high treatment level will be required. It can also be concluded that one specific technique cannot be recommended that will meet all requirements including environmental, reuse, and recycling for sustainable energy. This is because of various dominant factors including the type of field, platform type, chemical composition, geological location, and chemical composition of the production chemicals.
产出水是与油气生产相关的废物流中体积最大的贡献者。产出水的特性分析对于确定其主要成分和组成物至关重要，这是选择最佳处理方法的关键。本综述旨在回顾和批判性地讨论各种处理选择，这些选择可以被认为是具有成本效益和环境友好的，用于去除产出水中的不同污染物。在各种处理选择方面，包括批处理吸附过程、膜过滤、高级氧化、生物系统、吸附、凝聚和组合工艺，已经做出了巨大的努力和进展。化学沉淀、膜过滤和吸附具有很高的去除效率，对于不同的产出水成分可以达到 90%以上。在这些方法中，最有效的方法是使用不同的吸附剂介质进行吸附。在本综述中，彻底审查和讨论了使用低成本吸附剂，如椰壳活性炭、微乳液改性椰壳和纤维素纳米晶体的吸附方法。此外，还系统地讨论了使用生物处理从产出水中去除各种污染物的潜力，如常规活性污泥、序批式反应器和固定膜生物曝气滤池反应器。一般来说，产出水可以在各种领域得到利用，包括栖息地和野生动物、农业和灌溉部门、能源部门、消防、工业用途以及能源再生。处理程度将取决于产出水被再利用的应用领域。例如，在石油和天然气工业中使用产出水时，只需要进行最低限度的处理，而在农业和饮用水方面，则需要进行高度的处理。可以得出结论，一种特定的技术不能被推荐，因为它将满足包括环境、再利用和循环利用在内的可持续能源的所有要求。这是因为各种主导因素包括领域类型、平台类型、化学成分、地理位置和生产化学品的化学成分。
