Top-down influences on working memory representations of faces: Evidence from dual-target visual search.

Variability in appearance across different images of the same unfamiliar face often causes participants to perceive different faces. Because perceptual information is not sufficient to link these encounters, top-down guidance may be critical in the initial stages of face learning. Here, we examine the interaction between top-down guidance and perceptual information when forming memory representations of unfamiliar faces. In two experiments, we manipulated the names associated with images of a target face that participants had to find in a search array. In Experiment 1, wrongly labelling two images of the same face with different names resulted in more errors relative to when the faces were labelled correctly. In Experiment 2, we compared this cost of mislabelling with the established "dual-target search cost," where searching for two targets produces more search errors relative to one target. We found search costs when searching for two different faces, but not when searching for mislabelled images of the same face. Together, these results suggest that perceptual and semantic information interact when we form face memory representations. Mislabelling the identity of perceptually similar faces does not cause dual representations to be created, but rather it impedes the process of forming a single robust representation.