Cholesterol transfer between lipid vesicles. Effect of phospholipids and gangliosides.

The effect of lipid composition on the rate of cholesterol movement between cellular membranes is investigated using lipid vesicles. The separation of donor and acceptor vesicles required for rate measurement is achieved by differential centrifugation so that the lipid effect can be quantified in the absence of a charged lipid generally used for ion-exchange-based separation. The rate of cholesterol transfer from small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) containing 50 mol% cholesterol to a common large unilamellar vesicle (LUV) acceptor containing 20 mol% cholesterol decreases with increasing mol% of sphingomyelin in the SUVs, while phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine have no appreciable effect at physiologically relevant levels. There is a large decrease in rate when phosphatidylethanolamine constitutes 50 mol% of donor phospholipids. Interestingly, gangliosides which have the same hydrocarbon moiety as sphingomyelin exert an opposite effect. The effect of spingomyelin seems to be mediated by its ability to decrease the fluidity of the lipid matrix, while that of gangliosides may arise from a weakening of phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol interactions or from a more favourable (less polar) microenvironment for the desorption of cholesterol provided by the head-group interactions involving sugar residues. If the effect of asymmetric transbilayer distribution of lipids is taken into consideration, the observed composition-dependent rate changes could partly account for the large difference in the rates of cholesterol desorption from the inner and outer layers of plasma membrane. Such rate differences may be responsible for an unequal steady-state distribution of cholesterol among various cellular membranes and lipoproteins.