Specific cellular uptake and sufficient drug release in tumor tissues are important for effective cancer therapy. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a skeleton material, could specifically bind to cluster determinant 44 (CD44) receptors highly expressed on the surface of tumor cells to realize active targeting. Cystamine (cys) is sensitive highly reductive environment inside tumor cells and was used as a connecting arm to connect docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and chlorin e6 (Ce6) to the HA skeleton to obtain redox-sensitive polymer HA-cys-DHA/Ce6 (CHD). Nanoparticles were fabricated and loaded with chemotherapeutic drug docetaxel (DTX) by physical encapsulation. The prepared nanoparticles had significantly increased uptake by MCF-7 cells that overexpressed CD44 receptors, and DTX was effectively released at high reducing condition. Compared with mono-photodynamic therapy (PDT) or mono-chemotherapy, the prepared nanoparticles exhibited superior anti-tumor effect by inhibiting microtubule depolymerization, blocking cell cycle and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vivo anti-tumor experiments proved that DTX/CHD nanoparticles had the best antitumor response versus DTX and CHD nanoparticles under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. These studies revealed that redox-responsive DTX-loaded CHD nanoparticles held great potential for the treatment of breast cancer.