Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada; Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Sep 1;284:117105. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117105. Epub 2021 Apr 12.
Macrophytes play an important role in aquatic ecosystems, and thus are often used in ecological risk assessments of potentially deleterious anthropogenic substances. Risk assessments for macrophyte populations or communities are commonly based on inferences drawn from standardized toxicity tests conducted on floating non-rooted Lemna species, or submerged-rooted Myriophyllum species. These tests follow strict guidelines to produce reliable and robust results with legal credibility for environmental regulations. However, results and inferences from these tests may not be transferrable to emergent macrophytes due to their different morphology and physiology. Emergent macrophytes of the genus Typha L. are increasingly used for assessing phytotoxic effects of environmental stressors, although standardized testing protocols have not yet been developed for this genus. In this review we present a synthesis of previous toxicity studies with Typha, based on which we evaluate the potential to develop standard toxicity tests for Typha spp. with seven selection criteria: ecological relevance to the ecosystem; suitability for different exposure pathways; availability of plant material; ease of cultivation; uniform growth; appropriate and easily measurable toxicity endpoints; and sensitivity toward contaminants. Typha meets criteria 1-3 fully, criteria 4 and 5 partly based on current limited data, and we identify knowledge gaps that limit evaluation of the remaining two criteria. We provide suggestions for addressing these gaps, and we summarize the experimental design of ecotoxicology studies that have used Typha. We conclude that Typha spp. can serve as future standard test species for ecological risk assessments of contaminants to emergent macrophytes.
水生植物在水生生态系统中发挥着重要作用，因此常被用于潜在有害人为物质的生态风险评估。水生植物种群或群落的风险评估通常基于对浮萍属的漂浮无根植物或满江红属的水下根植物进行标准化毒性测试的推断。这些测试遵循严格的指南，以产生具有法律可信度的可靠且稳健的结果，适用于环境法规。然而，由于其形态和生理的不同，这些测试的结果和推断可能不适用于挺水植物。香蒲属的挺水植物由于其形态和生理的不同，越来越多地被用于评估环境胁迫物的植物毒性效应，尽管针对该属尚未制定标准化测试协议。在本综述中，我们根据以前对香蒲属的毒性研究进行了综合，在此基础上，我们根据七个选择标准评估了为香蒲属开发标准毒性测试的潜力：对生态系统的生态相关性；适用于不同的暴露途径；植物材料的可用性；易于栽培；均匀生长；适当且易于测量的毒性终点；以及对污染物的敏感性。香蒲属完全满足标准 1-3，标准 4 和 5 部分基于当前有限的数据，并且我们确定了限制评估其余两个标准的知识空白。我们提出了解决这些差距的建议，并总结了使用香蒲属进行生态毒理学研究的实验设计。我们的结论是，香蒲属可以作为未来用于评估污染物对挺水植物的生态风险的标准测试物种。
