Future Perspectives on the TNM Staging for Lung Cancer.

Since its conception by Pierre Denoix in the mid-20th century, the tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification has undergone seven revisions. The North American database managed by Clifton Mountain was used to inform the 2nd to the 6th editions, and an international database collected by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, promoted by Peter Goldstraw, was used to inform the 7th and the 8th editions. In these two latest editions, it was evident that the impact of tumor size was much greater than it was suggested in previous editions; that the amount of nodal disease had prognostic relevance; and that the number and location of the distant metastases had prognostic implications. However, the TNM classification is not the only prognostic factor. Data are being collected now to inform the 9th edition of the TNM classification, scheduled for publication in 2024. Patient-, environment-, and tumor-related factors, including biomarkers (genetic biomarkers, copy number alterations, and protein alterations) are being collected to combine them in prognostic groups to enhance the prognosis provided by the mere anatomic extent of the tumor, and to offer a more personalized prognosis to an individual patient. International collaboration is essential to build a large and detailed database to achieve these objectives.