Łoś Kacper, Waszkiewicz Napoleon
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Plac Brodowicza 1, 16-070 Choroszcz, Poland.
J Clin Med. 2021 Apr 17;10(8):1744. doi: 10.3390/jcm10081744.
Anxiety disorders are one of the most commonly reported disorders in psychiatry, causing a high medical and socio-economic burden. Recently, there has been a soaring interest in the biological basis of anxiety disorders, which is reflected in an increasing number of articles related to the topic. Due to the ambiguity of the diagnosis and a large number of underdiagnosed patients, researchers are looking for laboratory tests that could facilitate the diagnosis of anxiety disorders in clinical practice and would allow for the earliest possible implementation of appropriate treatment. Such potential biomarkers may also be useable in monitoring the efficacy of pharmacological therapy for anxiety disorders. Therefore this article reviews the literature of potential biomarkers such as components of saliva, peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and neuroimaging studies. There are promising publications in the literature that can be useful. The most valuable and promising markers of saliva are cortisol, lysozyme, and α-amylase (sAA). In the blood, in turn, we can distinguish serotonin, brain-derived serum neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cortisol, and microRNA. Structural changes in the amygdala and hippocampus are promising neuroimaging markers, while in CSF, potential markers include oxytocin and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Unfortunately, research in the field of biomarkers is hampered by insufficient knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of anxiety disorders, the significant heterogeneity of anxiety disorders, frequent comorbidities, and low specificity of biomarkers. The development of appropriate biomarker panels and their assessment using new approaches may have the prospective to overcome the above-mentioned obstacles.
焦虑症是精神病学中报告最为常见的疾病之一，造成了高昂的医疗和社会经济负担。最近，人们对焦虑症的生物学基础兴趣激增，这反映在与该主题相关的文章数量不断增加。由于诊断的模糊性以及大量未被诊断的患者，研究人员正在寻找能够在临床实践中促进焦虑症诊断并允许尽早实施适当治疗的实验室检测方法。这种潜在的生物标志物也可用于监测焦虑症药物治疗的疗效。因此，本文综述了唾液、外周血、脑脊液（CSF）成分以及神经影像学研究等潜在生物标志物的文献。文献中有一些很有前景的出版物可能会有所帮助。唾液中最有价值和前景的标志物是皮质醇、溶菌酶和α-淀粉酶（sAA）。在血液中，我们可以区分血清素、脑源性血清神经营养因子（BDNF）、皮质醇和微小RNA。杏仁核和海马体的结构变化是很有前景的神经影像学标志物，而在脑脊液中，潜在标志物包括催产素和5-羟吲哚乙酸（5-HIAA）。不幸的是，生物标志物领域的研究受到对焦虑症病因发病机制了解不足、焦虑症显著的异质性、频繁的共病以及生物标志物低特异性的阻碍。开发合适的生物标志物组合并使用新方法对其进行评估可能有望克服上述障碍。
