Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Sep;28(35):48955-48966. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-14027-w. Epub 2021 Apr 30.
Bottled water use has become widespread in recent years. Many Iranian cities are located in regions with a hot and semi-hot climate, and the quality of drinking water is low in most of these areas. Nitrate and fluoride are chemical constituents of drinking water with significant health concerns since they can be harmful in concentrations higher than drinking water standards. This study aims to determine nitrate and fluoride concentrations in different bottled water brands in the study region; evaluate the non-carcinogenic health risks posed by nitrate and fluoride exposure via the ingestion of bottled water; and compare the measured nitrate and fluoride concentrations with the amounts reported on the bottle labels. Twenty bottled water brands were sampled, and their nitrate and fluoride amounts were determined using the spectrophotometry method. The results revealed that 100% of nitrate and 70% of fluoride in samples had concentrations greater than the levels reported on bottle labels. Minimum, maximum, and mean concentrations for nitrate were, respectively, 1.1, 28, and 8.37 mg/L, and for fluoride were 0.014, 2.36, and 0.63 mg/L. The hazard quotient (HQ) values due to nitrate intake were > 1 in 10% of the samples (n = 2) for both infants and children, indicating potential adverse non-carcinogenic health effects upon consumption. For fluoride intake, the potential adverse health effects (HQ > 1) for infants, children, teenagers, and adults were respectively high in 30, 20, 10, and 10% of the samples. For nitrate, the 95th centile for infants was 1.547, and for fluoride, it was 2.62, 2.19, 1.15, and 1 for infants, children, teenagers, and adults, respectively.
近年来，瓶装水的使用已经变得非常普遍。许多伊朗城市都位于炎热和半热气候地区，而且这些地区的大多数地区的饮用水质量都很低。硝酸盐和氟化物是饮用水中的化学成分，由于它们在浓度高于饮用水标准时可能有害，因此对健康有重大关注。本研究旨在确定研究区域内不同瓶装水品牌的硝酸盐和氟化物浓度；评估通过摄入瓶装水接触硝酸盐和氟化物对非致癌健康风险；并将测量的硝酸盐和氟化物浓度与瓶身标签上的报告值进行比较。采集了 20 个瓶装水品牌的样本，并使用分光光度法测定其硝酸盐和氟化物含量。结果表明，100%的硝酸盐和 70%的氟化物样品浓度都高于瓶身标签上的报告值。硝酸盐的最小、最大和平均值浓度分别为 1.1、28 和 8.37mg/L，氟化物分别为 0.014、2.36 和 0.63mg/L。由于硝酸盐摄入而产生的危害系数（HQ）值在 10%的样本（n=2）中> 1，表明在消费后可能会对非致癌健康产生潜在不利影响。对于氟化物摄入，婴幼儿、儿童、青少年和成年人的潜在健康影响（HQ>1）分别在 30%、20%、10%和 10%的样本中较高。对于硝酸盐，婴幼儿的第 95 百分位数为 1.547，而对于氟化物，婴幼儿、儿童、青少年和成年人分别为 2.62、2.19、1.15 和 1。
