Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, Czech Republic.
Department of Environmental and Global Health and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics. 2021 Sep;39:100834. doi: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100834. Epub 2021 Apr 21.
Water contaminated with plastic debris and leached plasticizers can be ingested or taken up by aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates alike, exerting adverse effects on multiple tissues including the gastrointestinal tract. As such, gut microbiomes of aquatic animals are susceptible targets for toxicity. Recent studies conducted in teleost fishes report that microplastics and plasticizers (e.g., phthalates, bisphenol A) induce gastrointestinal dysbiosis and alter microbial diversity in the gastrointestinal system. Here we synthesize the current state of the science regarding plastics, plasticizers, and their effects on microbiomes of fish. Literature suggests that microplastics and plasticizers increase the abundance of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. Actinobacillus, Mycoplasma and Stenotrophomonas) in fish and reveal that gamma-proteobacteria are sensitive to microplastics. Recommendations moving forward for the research field include (1) environmentally relevant exposures to improve understanding of the long-term impacts of microplastic and plasticizer contamination on the fish gastrointestinal microbiome; (2) investigation into the potential impacts of understudied polymers such as polypropylene, polyamide and polyester, and (3) studies with elastomers such as rubbers that are components of tire materials, as these chemicals often dominate plastic debris. Focus on both microplastics and the gut microbiota is intensifying in environmental toxicology, and herein lies an opportunity to improve evaluation of global ecological impacts associated with plastic contamination. This is important as the microbiota is intimately tied to an individual's health and fragmentation of microbial community networks and gut dysbiosis can result in disease susceptibility and early mortality events.
受塑料碎片和浸出增塑剂污染的水可能会被水生无脊椎动物和脊椎动物摄入或吸收，对包括胃肠道在内的多种组织产生不良影响。因此，水生动物的肠道微生物组是易受毒性影响的目标。最近在硬骨鱼类中进行的研究报告称，微塑料和增塑剂（例如邻苯二甲酸酯、双酚 A）会导致胃肠道功能紊乱，并改变胃肠道系统中的微生物多样性。在这里，我们综合了目前关于塑料、增塑剂及其对鱼类微生物组影响的科学研究现状。文献表明，微塑料和增塑剂会增加鱼类中机会性致病微生物（如放线菌、支原体和寡养单胞菌）的丰度，并表明γ-变形菌对微塑料敏感。该研究领域的未来建议包括：（1）进行与环境相关的暴露，以更好地了解微塑料和增塑剂污染对鱼类胃肠道微生物组的长期影响；（2）研究研究较少的聚合物，如聚丙烯、聚酰胺和聚酯的潜在影响；（3）研究橡胶等弹性体，因为这些化学物质通常是轮胎材料中塑料碎片的主要成分。关注微塑料和肠道微生物组正在加强环境毒理学的研究，这为改善与塑料污染相关的全球生态影响评估提供了机会。这一点很重要，因为微生物组与个体的健康密切相关，微生物群落网络的碎片化和肠道功能紊乱会导致易感性和早期死亡率事件。
