Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France.
Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France.
J Sex Med. 2021 May;18(5):996-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.02.010. Epub 2021 Apr 27.
Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or any other injury of the female genitalia that is performed for nonmedical reasons. FGM is classified into 4 types. Surgical clitoral reconstruction was first described by Thabet and Thabet in Egypt and subsequently by Foldès in France. The technique was then modified by different authors.
This article aims to provide a detailed description of clitoral surgical reconstruction and the modifications which have been made over time to improve the procedure while recalling current knowledge in the anatomy of the clitoris.
We performed a broad systematic search in PubMed/Medline and EMBASE bibliographic databases for studies that report the surgical technique of clitoral reconstruction. From the anatomical point of view, we examined available evidence (from 1950 until 2020) related to clitoral anatomy, the clitoral role in sexual functioning, female genital mutilation/cutting, and surgical implications for the clitoris.
A review of the surgical techniques for clitoral reconstruction after female genital mutilation/cutting RESULTS: We described the current anatomical knowledge about the clitoris, and the procedures based on the surgical technique by Pierre Foldès, We included the technical modifications and contributions described in articles published subsequently.
Surgical repair of the clitoris for FGM offers anatomical and functional results although they still have to be evaluated. However, it should not be the only therapeutic solution offered to women with FGM. Botter C, Sawan D, SidAhmed-Mezi M, et al. Clitoral Reconstructive Surgery After Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Anatomy, Technical Innovations and Updates of the Initial Technique. J Sex Med 2021;18:996-1008.
女性生殖器切割（FGM）包括所有为非医学原因而对女性外生殖器进行部分或全部切除或对女性生殖器造成任何其他伤害的程序。FGM 分为 4 种类型。埃及的 Thabet 和 Thabet 首次描述了阴蒂外科重建，随后法国的 Foldès 也进行了描述。该技术随后被不同的作者进行了修改。
本文旨在详细描述阴蒂外科重建，并介绍随着时间的推移对该手术进行的改进，同时回顾有关阴蒂解剖学的最新知识。
我们在 PubMed/Medline 和 EMBASE 文献数据库中进行了广泛的系统检索，以查找报告阴蒂重建手术技术的研究。从解剖学的角度来看，我们检查了有关阴蒂解剖学、阴蒂在性功能中的作用、女性生殖器切割以及对阴蒂的手术影响的现有证据（从 1950 年到 2020 年）。
对女性生殖器切割后阴蒂重建的手术技术进行了综述。
我们描述了当前关于阴蒂的解剖学知识，以及基于 Pierre Foldès 手术技术的程序，包括随后发表的文章中描述的技术改进和贡献。
尽管对 FGM 患者的阴蒂进行手术修复可以提供解剖学和功能结果，但它不应该是唯一提供给这些女性的治疗方案。Botter C, Sawan D, SidAhmed-Mezi M, et al. 女性生殖器切割/切割后阴蒂重建手术：解剖学、技术创新和初始技术更新。性医学杂志 2021;18:996-1008.
