Welniarz Quentin, Worbe Yulia, Gallea Cecile
INSERM U-1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, ICM, Paris, France.
Front Syst Neurosci. 2021 Apr 15;15:644059. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.644059. eCollection 2021.
For more than two decades, there has been converging evidence for an essential role of the cerebellum in non-motor functions. The cerebellum is not only important in learning and sensorimotor processes, some growing evidences show its implication in conditional learning and reward, which allows building our expectations about behavioral outcomes. More recent work has demonstrated that the cerebellum is also required for the sense of agency, a cognitive process that allows recognizing an action as our own, suggesting that the cerebellum might serve as an interface between sensorimotor function and cognition. A unifying model that would explain the role of the cerebellum across these processes has not been fully established. Nonetheless, an important heritage was given by the field of motor control: the forward model theory. This theory stipulates that movements are controlled based on the constant interactions between our organism and its environment through feedforward and feedback loops. Feedforward loops predict what is going to happen, while feedback loops confront the prediction with what happened so that we can react accordingly. From an anatomical point of view, the cerebellum is at an ideal location at the interface between the motor and sensory systems, as it is connected to cerebral, striatal, and spinal entities parallel loops, so that it can link sensory and motor systems with cognitive processes. Recent findings showing that the cerebellum participates in building the sense of agency as a predictive and comparator system will be reviewed together with past work on motor control within the context of the forward model theory.
二十多年来，越来越多的证据表明小脑在非运动功能中起着至关重要的作用。小脑不仅在学习和感觉运动过程中很重要，一些越来越多的证据表明它在条件学习和奖励中也有作用，这使我们能够建立对行为结果的预期。最近的研究表明，小脑对于能动性感知也是必需的，能动性感知是一种认知过程，能让我们将一个动作识别为自己的动作，这表明小脑可能充当感觉运动功能和认知之间的接口。一个能解释小脑在这些过程中作用的统一模型尚未完全建立。尽管如此，运动控制领域给出了一个重要的遗产：前向模型理论。该理论规定，运动是通过前馈和反馈回路，基于我们的机体与其环境之间的持续相互作用来控制的。前馈回路预测即将发生的事情，而反馈回路将预测与实际发生的事情进行对比，以便我们能够做出相应反应。从解剖学角度来看，小脑处于运动和感觉系统之间接口的理想位置，因为它通过平行回路与大脑、纹状体和脊髓实体相连，从而能够将感觉和运动系统与认知过程联系起来。本文将结合前向模型理论背景下过去关于运动控制的研究工作，对最近表明小脑作为预测和比较系统参与构建能动性感知的研究结果进行综述。
