Xia Wenwen, Yan Hui, Zhang Yiyuan, Wang Congcong, Gao Wei, Lv Changning, Wang Wentao, Liu Zhijun
School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.
Front Microbiol. 2021 Apr 14;12:649690. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.649690. eCollection 2021.
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the primary cause of congenital infections. Despite its clinical significance, congenital HCMV infection is frequently overlooked clinically since most affected infants are asymptomatic. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is one of the most widely known disorders caused by congenital HCMV infection. The potential mechanism, however, remains unknown to date. The mechanism by which congenital HCMV infection induces sensorineural deafness has been partly characterized, leading to advancements in diagnosis, therapy, and prevention strategies. HCMV-induced hearing loss primarily involves immune responses, the release of inflammatory factors by natural killer (NK) cells, apoptosis of cochlear spiral ganglion, and potential changes due to vascular dysfunction. The diagnosis of HCMV induced SNHL includes serological examination to mothers, imaging, and amniotic fluid examination. Ganciclovir, mainly used for antiviral therapy and behavioral prevention, can, to some degree, prevent congenital HCMV infection. The role of HCMV infection in hearing loss needs further investigation since the mechanism of hearing loss caused by cytomegalovirus infection is not well understood. Although some advancement has been made in diagnosing and treating SNHL, more improvement is needed. A comprehensive understanding of cytomegalovirus's pathogenesis is of key importance for preventing, diagnosing, and treating SNHL.
人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）是先天性感染的主要原因。尽管其具有临床意义，但先天性HCMV感染在临床上常被忽视，因为大多数受影响的婴儿没有症状。感音神经性听力损失（SNHL）是先天性HCMV感染引起的最广为人知的疾病之一。然而，其潜在机制至今仍不清楚。先天性HCMV感染诱发感音神经性耳聋的机制已部分明确，这推动了诊断、治疗及预防策略的进展。HCMV诱发的听力损失主要涉及免疫反应、自然杀伤（NK）细胞释放炎性因子、耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞凋亡以及血管功能障碍导致的潜在变化。HCMV诱发的SNHL的诊断包括对母亲的血清学检查、影像学检查及羊水检查。更昔洛韦主要用于抗病毒治疗和行为预防，在一定程度上可预防先天性HCMV感染。由于巨细胞病毒感染导致听力损失的机制尚不清楚，HCMV感染在听力损失中的作用仍需进一步研究。尽管在SNHL的诊断和治疗方面已取得一些进展，但仍需更多改进。全面了解巨细胞病毒的发病机制对于预防、诊断和治疗SNHL至关重要。
