Department of Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, Gutenbergstrasse 18, 35052, Marburg, Germany.
University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2021 Oct;28(5):1648-1656. doi: 10.3758/s13423-021-01932-x. Epub 2021 May 4.
Outcome predictability effects in associative learning paradigms describe better learning about outcomes with a history of greater predictability in a similar but unrelated task compared with outcomes with a history of unpredictability. Inspired by the similarities between this phenomenon and the effect of uncontrollability in learned helplessness paradigms, here, we investigate whether learning about unpredictability decreases outcome-specific motivation to learn. We used a modified version of the allergy task, in which participants first observe the foods eaten by a fictitious patient, followed by allergic reactions that he subsequently suffers, some of which are perfectly predictable and others unpredictable. We then implemented an active learning method in a second task in which participants could only learn about either the previously predictable or unpredictable outcomes on each trial. At the beginning of each trial, participants had to decide whether they wanted to learn about one outcome category or the other. Participants at the beginning of the second task chose to learn about the previously predictable outcomes first and to learn about the previously unpredictable outcomes in later trials. This showed that unpredictability affects future motivation to learn in other circumstances. Interestingly, we did not find any sign of outcome predictability effect at the end of the second phase, suggesting that participants compensate for biased outcome sampling when making overt choices in ways that they may not when learning about both outcome categories simultaneously.
在联想学习范式中,结果可预测性效应描述了与之前不可预测的结果相比,在类似但不相关的任务中,具有更高可预测性历史的结果更容易被学习。受这一现象与习得性无助范式中不可控性效应之间相似性的启发,我们在这里研究了对不可预测性的学习是否会降低特定于结果的学习动机。我们使用了改良版的过敏任务,参与者首先观察虚构患者所吃的食物,然后观察他随后遭受的过敏反应,其中一些是完全可预测的,而另一些则是不可预测的。然后,我们在第二个任务中实施了一种主动学习方法,在每个试验中,参与者只能学习之前可预测或不可预测的结果。在每个试验开始时,参与者必须决定他们是要学习一个结果类别还是另一个结果类别。在第二个任务开始时,参与者选择首先学习之前可预测的结果,并在后续试验中学习之前不可预测的结果。这表明不可预测性会影响其他情况下未来的学习动机。有趣的是,我们在第二阶段结束时没有发现任何结果可预测性效应的迹象,这表明参与者在做出显性选择时会补偿有偏差的结果采样,而在同时学习两个结果类别时,他们可能不会这样做。