Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain.
Department of Zoology, University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2021 Oct;280:130783. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130783. Epub 2021 May 3.
The active substances coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and amitraz are among the most commonly employed synthetic miticides to control varroa infestations in apiculture. These compounds can persist inside the beehive matrices and can be detected long time after their application. The present study describes the application of a new passive sampling methodology to assess the dissipation of these miticides as well as the cross-contamination in neighboring beehives. The APIStrips are a recently developed sampling device based on the sorbent Tenax, which shows a remarkable versatility for the sorption of molecules onto its surface. This avoids the need of actively sampling apicultural matrices such as living bees, wax or reserves (honey and pollen), therefore allowing to obtain representative information of the contamination in the beehive environment in one single matrix. The results show that the amitraz-based treatments have the fastest dissipation rate (half-life of 11-14 days), whereas tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos remain inside the beehive environment for longer time periods, with a half-life up to 39 days. In the present study, tau-fluvalinate originated an intense cross-contamination, as opposed to coumaphos and amitraz. This study also demonstrates the contribution of drifting forager bees in the pesticide cross-contamination phenomena. Moreover, the sampling of adult living bees has been compared to the APIStrip-based sampling, and the experimental results show that the latter is more effective and consistent than traditional active sampling strategies. The active substances included in this study do not migrate to the honey from the treated colonies in significant amounts.
除虫菊酯、噻虫嗪和咪鲜胺是养蜂业中最常用的合成杀螨剂，用于防治瓦螨的侵害。这些化合物会残留在蜂箱基质中，并在使用后很长时间内被检测到。本研究描述了一种新的被动采样方法的应用，以评估这些杀螨剂的消散情况以及相邻蜂箱的交叉污染。APIStrips 是一种最近开发的基于 Tenax 吸附剂的采样装置，它对分子在其表面上的吸附表现出显著的多功能性。这避免了对蜜蜂、蜡或储备物（蜂蜜和花粉）等养蜂基质进行主动采样，因此可以从一个单一的基质中获得关于蜂箱环境中污染的代表性信息。结果表明，基于咪鲜胺的处理具有最快的消散速率（半衰期为 11-14 天），而噻虫嗪和除虫菊酯在蜂箱环境中停留的时间更长，半衰期长达 39 天。在本研究中，噻虫嗪引起了强烈的交叉污染，而除虫菊酯和咪鲜胺则没有。本研究还证明了觅食蜜蜂的漂移对农药交叉污染现象的贡献。此外，还将成年活蜜蜂的采样与基于 APIStrip 的采样进行了比较，实验结果表明，后者比传统的主动采样策略更有效和一致。研究中包含的活性物质不会以大量的形式从处理过的蜂群迁移到蜂蜜中。
