Sullivan Sarah, Yamasaki Syudo, Ando Shuntaro, Endo Kaori, Kasai Kiyoto, Culpin Iryna, Dardani Christina, Zammit Stanley, Nishida Atsushi
Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Unit for Mental Health Promotion, Research Centre for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
Front Psychol. 2021 Apr 21;12:600941. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600941. eCollection 2021.
An external locus of control (externality) is associated with poorer psychopathology in individualist cultures, but associations are reported to be weaker in collectivist cultures where an external style is less maladaptive. We investigated the prospective association between externality and psychotic-like experiences (PLE) and depressive symptoms (DS) and compared the strength of associations between a UK and a Japanese cohort. Cross-cultural cohort study of a UK (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) and a Japanese cohort (Tokyo Teen Cohort). Externality was assessed using the Children's Nowicki and Strickland Internal, External Scale and DS using the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire in both cohorts, PLE were assessed with the Psychosis-Like Experiences Questionnaire (ALSPAC), and the Adolescent Psychotic-Like Symptom Screener (TTC). Associations were investigated using multivariable regression models and bivariate regression models to compare the strength of associations. Mean externality in both childhood and adolescence was higher in ALSPAC than in the TTC. Childhood externality was associated with PLE in late childhood and adolescence in both cohorts and adolescent externality was associated with PLE in young adulthood in the ALSPAC cohort. There was a more mixed pattern of association between externality and DS scores. There was little evidence of any differences in the strength of associations between externality and different psychopathologies, or between cohorts. In ALSPAC adolescent externality and early adult psychopathology were more strongly associated than childhood externality and adolescent and early adult psychopathology. There was no evidence that change in externality between childhood and adolescence was associated with new onset PLE or DS in early adulthood. An external locus of control is associated with poor mental health regardless of cultural context.
在个人主义文化中，外部控制点（外控性）与较差的精神病理学状况相关，但据报道，在集体主义文化中这种关联较弱，因为在集体主义文化中，外控风格的适应不良性较小。我们调查了外控性与类精神病体验（PLE）和抑郁症状（DS）之间的前瞻性关联，并比较了英国和日本队列之间关联的强度。对英国队列（埃文亲子纵向研究）和日本队列（东京青少年队列）进行跨文化队列研究。在两个队列中，使用儿童诺维基和斯特里克兰内外控量表评估外控性，使用简短情绪和情感问卷评估DS，使用类精神病体验问卷（ALSPAC）和青少年类精神病症状筛查量表（TTC）评估PLE。使用多变量回归模型和双变量回归模型研究关联，以比较关联的强度。ALSPAC队列中儿童期和青春期的平均外控性均高于TTC队列。在两个队列中，儿童期外控性与童年晚期和青春期的PLE相关，而在ALSPAC队列中，青少年外控性与青年期的PLE相关。外控性与DS得分之间的关联模式更为复杂。几乎没有证据表明外控性与不同精神病理学之间或队列之间的关联强度存在差异。在ALSPAC队列中，青少年外控性与成年早期精神病理学的关联比儿童期外控性与青少年及成年早期精神病理学的关联更强。没有证据表明儿童期到青春期外控性的变化与成年早期新发的PLE或DS相关。无论文化背景如何，外部控制点都与心理健康不佳相关。
