Plasmonic semiconductor photocatalyst: Non-stoichiometric tungsten oxide.

Semiconductor photocatalysis has attracted increasing attention due to its potential application in solving the problems related to energy crisis and environmental pollution. As a typical plasmonic semiconductor, non-stoichiometric tungsten oxide (WO) has invoked significant interest for its unique property and excellent photocatalytic performance. In this review, we briefly introduce the fundamental properties of the WO, and then summarize the synthesis methods such as solvothermal reaction, solid phase reduction and exfoliation treatment, together with the modification strategies such as doping and constructing homo-/hetero-junctions. Additionally, we emphasize the practical applications of WO in hydrogen evolution, nitrogen fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and pollutant degradation. Finally, comprehensive conclusions and perspectives on the fabrication of WO photocatalyst leading to satisfactory performance are given as well.