Primary and secondary aerosols in small passenger vehicle emissions: Evaluation of engine technology, driving conditions, and regulatory standards.

The characteristics of primary gas/aerosol and secondary aerosol emissions were identified for small passenger vehicles using typical fuel types in South Korea (gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and diesel). The generation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was explored using the potential aerosol mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor. The primary emissions did not vary significantly between fuel types, combustion technologies, or aftertreatment systems, while the amount of NH was higher in gasoline and LPG vehicle emissions than that in diesel vehicle emissions. The SOA emission factor was 11.7-66 mg kg-fuel for gasoline vehicles, 2.4-50 mg kg-fuel for non-diesel particulate filter (non-DPF) diesel vehicles (EURO 2-3), 0.4-40 mg kg-fuel for DPF diesel vehicles (EURO 4-6), and 3-11 mg kg-fuel for LPG vehicles (lowest). The carbonaceous aerosols (equivalent black carbon (eBC) + primary organic aerosol + SOA) of diesel vehicles in EURO 4-6 were reduced by up to 95% compared to those in EURO 2-3. The expected SOA yield increased through the hot-condition combustion section of a vehicle, over the SOA range of 0.2-155 μg m. These results provide the necessary data to analyze all types of SOA generated by the gas-phase oxidation in vehicle emissions in metropolitan areas.