Elastic Photonic Microcapsules Containing Colloidal Crystallites as Building Blocks for Macroscopic Photonic Surfaces.

Colloidal crystals develop structural colors through wavelength-selective diffraction. Recently, a granular format of colloidal crystals has emerged as building blocks to construct macroscopic photonic surfaces or architectures with high reconfigurability through the secondary assembly. Here, we design elastic photonic microcapsules containing colloidal crystallites along the inner wall as a building block. Water-in-oil-in-water double-emulsion templates are microfluidically prepared to have an aqueous dispersion of polystyrene particles in the inner droplet and polydimethylsiloxane prepolymers in the shell. Colloidal particles are enriched in the presence of depletant and salt by osmotic compression, with the crystallization at the inner interface by depletion attraction. The number of nucleation sites depends on the rate of the enrichment, which enables control over the size and surface coverage of the crystallites with osmotic conditions. The enrichment is ceased by transferring the droplets into an isotonic solution, and the oil shell is cured to form an elastic membrane. As the elastic microcapsules have a large void in the core, they are deformable without structural damage in the crystallites. Therefore, the microcapsules can be closely packed to form macroscopic surfaces while achieving a high quality of structural colors with a collection of crystallites aligned along the flattened membrane.