CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Oct;28(37):51642-51656. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-14361-z. Epub 2021 May 14.
The study represents the seasonal characteristics (carbonaceous aerosols and elements) and the contribution of prominent sources of PM and PM in the high altitude of the eastern Himalaya (Darjeeling) during August 2018-July 2019. Carbonaceous aerosols [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC)] and elements (Al, Fe, Ti, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo, Cl, P, S, K, Zr, Pb, Na, Mg, Ca, and B) in PM and PM were analyzed to estimate their possible sources. The annual concentrations of PM and PM were computed as 37±12 μg m and 58±18 μg m, respectively. In the present case, total carbonaceous species in PM and PM were accounted for 20.6% of PM and 18.6% of PM, respectively, whereas trace elements in PM and PM were estimated to be 15% of PM and 12% of PM, respectively. Monthly and seasonal variations in mass concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and elements in PM and PM were also observed during the observational period. In PM, the annual concentrations of POC and SOC were 2.35 ± 1.06 μg m (66% of OC) and 1.19±0.57 μg m (34% of OC), respectively, whereas annual average POC and SOC concentrations in PM were 3.18 ± 1.13 μg m (63% of OC) and 2.05±0.98 μg m (37% of OC), respectively. The seasonal contribution of POC and SOC were ranging from 55 to 77% and 33 to 45% of OC in PM, respectively, whereas in PM, the seasonal contributions of POC and SOC were ranging from 51 to 73% and 37 to 49% of OC, respectively. The positive relationship between OC & EC and OC & WSOC of PM and PM during all the seasons (except monsoon in case of PM) indicates their common sources. The enrichment factors (EFs) and significant positive correlation of Al with othe crustal elements (Fe, Ca, Mg, and Ti) of fine and coarse mode aerosols indicate the influence of mineral dust at Darjeeling. Principal component analysis (PCA) resolved the four common sources (biomass burning + fossil fuel combustion (BB + FFC), crustal/soil dust, vehicular emissions (VE), and industrial emissions (IE)) of PM and PM in Darjeeling.
本研究代表了喜马拉雅山东部（大吉岭）高海拔地区 2018 年 8 月至 2019 年 7 月期间（碳质气溶胶和元素）的季节性特征以及 PM 和 PM 的主要来源的贡献。PM 和 PM 中的碳质气溶胶[有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）]和元素（Al、Fe、Ti、Cu、Zn、Mn、Cr、Ni、Mo、Cl、P、S、K、Zr、Pb、Na、Mg、Ca 和 B）进行了分析，以估算其可能的来源。计算了 PM 和 PM 的年浓度分别为 37±12μg m 和 58±18μg m。在本案例中，PM 和 PM 中的总碳质物质分别占 PM 的 20.6%和 PM 的 18.6%，而 PM 和 PM 中的微量元素分别估计为 PM 的 15%和 PM 的 12%。在观测期间，还观察到 PM 和 PM 中碳质气溶胶和元素的月际和季节性变化。在 PM 中，POC 和 SOC 的年浓度分别为 2.35±1.06μg m（OC 的 66%）和 1.19±0.57μg m（OC 的 34%），而 PM 中的 POC 和 SOC 的年平均浓度分别为 3.18±1.13μg m（OC 的 63%）和 2.05±0.98μg m（OC 的 37%）。在 PM 中，POC 和 SOC 的季节性贡献分别为 OC 的 55%至 77%和 33%至 45%，而在 PM 中，POC 和 SOC 的季节性贡献分别为 OC 的 51%至 73%和 37%至 49%。PM 和 PM 中 OC 和 EC 之间以及 OC 和 WSOC 之间的正相关关系（除了季风季节的 PM 外）表明它们具有共同的来源。细颗粒和气溶胶中 Al 与其他地壳元素（Fe、Ca、Mg 和 Ti）的富集因子（EF）和显著正相关表明，达吉岭受到矿物粉尘的影响。主成分分析（PCA）解析了达吉岭 PM 和 PM 的四个共同来源（生物质燃烧+化石燃料燃烧（BB+FFC）、地壳/土壤灰尘、车辆排放（VE）和工业排放（IE））。
