Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave., 7th Floor, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
Ann Behav Med. 2021 Jun 28;55(7):665-676. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaab039.
BACKGROUND: To date, much of the research on individual difference correlates of coronavirus guideline adherence is cross-sectional, leaving prospective associations between these factors unaddressed. Additionally, investigations of prospective predictors of mask-wearing, COVID-19 symptoms, and viral testing remain wanting. PURPOSE: The present study examined prospective relations between demographic factors, personality traits, social cognitions and guideline adherence, mask-wearing, symptoms, and viral testing in a U.S. sample (N = 500) during the initial surge of COVID-19 deaths in the United State between late March and early May 2020. METHODS: Guided by a disposition-belief-motivation framework, correlational analyses, and path models tested associations among baseline personality traits, guideline adherence social cognitions, health beliefs, guideline adherence and follow-up guideline adherence, mask-wearing, symptom counts, and 30-day viral testing. RESULTS: Modeling results showed greater baseline agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion were associated with more frequent baseline guideline adherence. More liberal political beliefs, greater guideline adherence intentions, and more frequent guideline adherence at baseline predicted more frequent mask-wearing at follow-up. Sex (female), lower perceived health, and greater neuroticism at baseline predicted greater symptom counts at follow-up. Reports of viral testing were quite low (1.80%), yet were consistent with concurrent national reporting and limited availability of testing. CONCLUSIONS: Results show how inconsistencies and politicization of health policy communication were concomitant with the effects of individual-level political beliefs on mask-wearing during the initial surge. The results further clarify how personality traits related to social responsibility (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness) are associated with following new norms for prescribed behaviors and how symptom reporting can be as much a marker of perceived health as emotional stability.
背景：迄今为止，关于冠状病毒指南依从性的个体差异相关性的研究大多是横断面的，因此未解决这些因素之间的前瞻性关联。此外，对戴口罩、COVID-19 症状和病毒检测的前瞻性预测因素的研究仍然不足。
目的：本研究在美国样本（N=500）中，在 2020 年 3 月下旬至 5 月初美国 COVID-19 死亡人数激增期间，检查了人口统计学因素、人格特质、社会认知与指南依从性、戴口罩、症状和病毒检测之间的前瞻性关系。
方法：在倾向-信念-动机框架的指导下，相关分析和路径模型检验了基线人格特质、指南依从性社会认知、健康信念、基线和随访指南依从性、戴口罩、症状计数和 30 天病毒检测之间的关联。
结果：模型结果表明，基线时更大的宜人性、尽责性和外向性与更频繁的基线指南依从性相关。更自由的政治信仰、更大的指南依从性意图以及基线时更频繁的指南依从性预测了随访时更频繁的戴口罩。基线时的性别（女性）、较低的感知健康和较高的神经质预测了随访时更大的症状计数。病毒检测的报告率相当低（1.80%），但与同期全国报告和检测有限相一致。
结论：结果表明，健康政策沟通的不一致性和政治化如何与初始激增期间个人层面的政治信仰对戴口罩的影响同时发生。结果进一步阐明了人格特质如何与遵守规定行为的新规范相关，以及症状报告如何成为感知健康的标志物，就像情绪稳定性一样。
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