Department of Botany and the Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; DSI/NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystem, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
Department of Botany and the Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; DSI/NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystem, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Aug;219:112316. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112316. Epub 2021 May 13.
The long-term health of many South African estuaries is impacted by pollutants entering these systems through industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage outfalls, contaminated storm water drainage, flows from informal settlements, and plastic materials in marine debris. Uncontrolled inputs combined with poor environmental management often result in elevated levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in affected estuaries. Data on POPs research from 1960 to 2020 were analysed in terms of their sources, environmental investigations, and health implications. The outcome showed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl sulphonates (PFASs) to exceed the US EPA health advisory levels for drinking water. Concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water were below the WHO limits, while those in fish tissues from most estuaries were found to be below the US FDA limits. Although environmental compartments in some estuaries (e.g. Rooiels and uMngeni estuaries) seem to be less contaminated relative to other marine systems around the world, many others were polluted and critically modified (e.g. Durban Bay, Swartkops, Sundays, and Buffalo systems). Due to inconsistent monitoring methods coupled with limited data availability, temporal trends were unclear. Of the 290 estuaries in South Africa, 65 were prioritised and recommended for POPs evaluation based on their pollution sources, and a monitoring strategy was defined in terms of sampling. Government policies to curb marine pollution need to be enforced to prevent chronic contamination that leads to water quality deterioration and loss of ecosystem services.
许多南非河口的长期健康受到通过工业和农业径流、污水排放口、受污染的雨水排水、非正规住区的水流以及海洋碎片中的塑料材料进入这些系统的污染物的影响。不受控制的输入加上恶劣的环境管理通常导致受影响的河口持久性有机污染物 (POPs) 水平升高。对 1960 年至 2020 年的 POPs 研究数据进行了分析，以了解其来源、环境调查和健康影响。结果表明，多氯联苯 (PCBs) 和全氟和多氟烷基磺酸盐 (PFASs) 超过了美国环保署关于饮用水的健康建议水平。水中有机氯农药 (OCPs) 的浓度低于世界卫生组织的限量，而大多数河口鱼类组织中的 OCPs 浓度低于美国食品和药物管理局的限量。尽管一些河口（例如 Rooiels 和 uMngeni 河口）的环境部分似乎比世界其他海洋系统受到的污染程度较低，但许多其他河口受到污染且受到严重干扰（例如德班湾、斯沃特克普斯、桑德斯和布法罗系统）。由于监测方法不一致且数据有限，因此时间趋势不明确。在南非的 290 个河口，根据其污染来源，有 65 个河口被优先考虑并推荐用于 POPs 评估，并根据采样定义了监测策略。为了防止导致水质恶化和生态系统服务丧失的慢性污染，需要执行遏制海洋污染的政府政策。
